Additions to the Windows NT v4.0 Glossary


access privileges

Permissions set by Macintosh users that allow them to view and make changes to folders on a server. By setting access privileges (called permissions when set on the computer running Windows NT Server) you control which Macintoshes can use folders in a volume. Services for Macintosh translates access privileges set by Macintosh users to the equivalent Windows NT permissions.


account lockout

A Windows NT Server security feature that locks a user account if a number of failed logon attempts occur within a specified amount of time, based on account policy lockout settings. (Locked accounts cannot log on.) See also password parameters.


ACK

Short for acknowledgment. The transmission control protocol (TCP) requires that the recipient of data packets acknowledge successful receipt of data.  Such acknowledgments (ACKs) generate additional network traffic, diminishing the rate at which data passes in favor of reliability.  To reduce the impact on performance, most hosts send an acknowledgment for every other segment or when a specified time interval has passed.


adapter card

See network card.


address

When using Network Monitor, an address refers to a hexadecimal number that identifies a computer uniquely on the network.


address pairs

Refers to the two specific computers between which you want to monitor traffic using Network Monitor. Up to four specific address pairs can be monitored simultaneously to capture frames from particular computers on your network.


administrator

A person responsible for setting up and managing domain controllers or local computers and their user and group accounts, assigning passwords and permissions, and helping users with networking issues. To use administrative tools such as User Manager or User Manager for Domains, an administrator must be logged on as a member of the Administrators local group of the computer or domain, respecitvely.


administrative account

An account that is a member of the Administrators local group of a computer or domain.


API

Acronym for application programming interface, a set of routines that an application programmer uses to request and carry out lower-level services performed by a computer’s operating system. These maintenance chores are performed by the computer’s operating system, and an API provides the program with a means of communicating with the system, telling it which system-level task to perform and when.


AppleShare

Client software that is shipped with all Macintoshes and with Apple Computer’s server software. With Services for Macintosh, Macintoshes use their native AppleShare client software to connect to computers running Windows NT Server that have Services for Macintosh.


AppleTalk

Apple Computer’s network architecture and network protocols. A network that has Macintosh clients and a computer running Windows NT Server with Services for Macintosh functions as an AppleTalk network.


AppleTalk Filing Protocol

The presentation layer protocol that manages access of remote files in an AppleTalk network.


AppleTalk Phase 2

The extended AppleTalk internet model designed by Apple Computer, which supports multiple zones within a network and extended addressing capacity.


AppleTalk Protocol

The set of network protocols on which AppleTalk network architecture is based.  Setting up Services for Macintosh installs its AppleTalk Protocol stack on a computer running Windows NT Server so that Macintosh clients can connect to it.


AppleTalk Transport

The layer of AppleTalk Phase 2 protocols that deliver data to its destination on the network.


application log

The application log contains specific events logged by applications. Applications developers decide which events to monitor (for example, a database program might record a file error in the application log). Use Event Viewer to view the application log.


ARC

Acronym for Advanced RISC Computing. ARC names are a generic method of identifying devices within the ARC environment.


ARP

Acronym for Address Resolution Protocol, one of the maintenance protocols that is a member the TCP/IP suite (not directly related to data transport). See also TCP/IP.


ARP request packet

If two systems are to communicate across a TCP/IP network, the system sending the packet must map the IP address of the final destination to the physical address of the final destination. This physical address is also referred to as a MAC address, a unique 48-bit number assigned to the network interface card by the manufacturer. IP acquires this physical address by broadcasting a special inquiry packet (an ARP request packet) containing the IP address of the destination system. See also ARP; IP; MAC; MAC address.


ARP reply packet

All ARP-enabled systems on the local IP network detect ARP request packets, and the system that owns the IP address in question replies by sending its physical address to the requester in an ARP reply packet.  The physical/IP address is then stored in the ARP cache of the requesting system for subsequent use. See also ARP; ARP request packet; IP; MAC address.


AS/400

A type of IBM minicomputer.


backup set

A collection of files from one drive that is backed up during a single backup operation.


backup set catalog

At the end of each backup set, Windows NT Backup stores a summary of file and/or directory information in a backup set catalog. Catalog information includes the number of tapes in a set of tapes as well as the date they were created and the dates of each file in the catalog. Catalogs are created for each backup set and are stored on the last tape in the set.


backup set map

At the end of each tape used for backup, a backup set map maintains the exact tape location of the backup set’s data and catalog.


bandwidth

In communications, the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies in a given range. For example, a telephone line accommodates a bandwidth of 3000 Hz, the difference between the lowest (300Hz) and highest (3300 Hz) frequencies it can carry. In computer networks, greater bandwidth indicates faster data-transfer capability and is expressed in bits per second (bps).


batch queue facility

A program that effects a logon without user input, used for delayed logons.


BDC

See backup domain controller.


bookmarks

A Windows NT feature which enables you to highlight major points of interest at various points in a Performance Monitor log file and then return to them easily when you work with that log file later on during performance monitoring. Bookmarks are also used in other applications such as Microsoft Word.


bps

An abbreviation for bits per second, a measure of the speed at which a device, such as a modem, can transfer data.


broadcast datagrams

An IP datagram sent to all hosts on the subnet. See also datagram; Internet Protocol (IP); subnet.


broadcast message

A network message sent from a single computer that is distributed to all other devices on the same segment of the network as the sending computer.


bridge

Connects multiple networks, subnets, or rings into one large logical network. A bridge maintains a table of node addresses and based on this, forwards packets to a specific subnet., reducing traffic on other subnets. In a bridged network, there can be only one path to any destination (otherwise packets would circle the network, causing network storms). A bridge is more sophisticated than a repeater, but not as sophisticated as a router. See also packet; repeater; router; subnet.


brouter

Combines elements of the bridge and the router. Usually, a brouter acts as a router for one transport protocol (such as TCP/IP), sending packets of that format along detailed routes to their destinations. The brouter also acts as a bridge for all other types of packets (such as IPX), just passing them on, as long as they are not local to the LAN segment from which they originated.


browse list

A list kept by the master browser of all of the servers and domains on the network. This list is available to any workstation on the network requesting it. See also browse.


browse master

See master browser. See also Windows NT browser system.


cache

A special memory subsystem that stores the contents of frequently accessed RAM locations and the addresses where these data items are stored. In Windows NT, for example, user profiles have a locally cached copy of part of the registry.


caching

In DNS name resolution, caching refers to a local cache where information about the DNS domain name space is kept. Whenever a resolver request arrives, the local name server checks both its static information and the cache for the name to IP address mapping. See also DNS; IP address; mapping.


capture

The process by which Network Monitor copies frames. (A frame is information that has been divided into smaller pieces by the network software prior to transmission.)


capture buffer

Refers to a reserved, resizable storage area in memory where Network Monitor copies all frames it detects from the network. When the capture buffer overflows, each new frame replaces the oldest frame in the buffer.


capture filter

Functions like a database query to single out a subset of frames to be monitored in Network Monitor. You can filter on the basis of source and destination addresses, protocols, protocol properties, or by specifying a pattern offset.


capture password

Required to be able to capture statistics from the network and to display captured data using Network Monitor.


capture trigger

Performs a specified action (such as starting an executable file) when Network Monitor detects a particular set of conditions on the network.


catalog

See backup catalog.


CBCP

Acronym for Callback Control Protocol, which negotiates callback information with a remote client.


CCP

Acronym for Compression Control Protocol, which negotiates compression with a remote client.


centralized network administration

A centralized view of the entire network from any workstation on the network that provides the ability to track and manage information on users, groups, and resources in a distributed network.


change log

An inventory of the most recent changes made to the directory database such as new or changed passwords, new or changed user and group accounts, and any changes to associated group memberships and user rights. Change logs provide fault tolerance, so if your system crashes before a write completes, Windows NT can complete the write the next time you boot. This log holds only a certain number of changes, however, so when a new change is added, the oldest change is deleted. See also directory database.


CHAP

Acronym for Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol. A protocol used by Microsoft RAS to negotiate the most secure form of encrypted authentication supported by both server and client.


Chooser

The Macintosh desk accessory with which users select the network server and printers they want to use.


Chooser Pack

A collection of files, some of which contain PostScript information. When a Macintosh sends a print job to a PostScript printer, the printer uses a Chooser Pack to interpret PostScript commands in the print job.


cleartext passwords

Passwords that are not scrambled, thus making them more susceptible to network sniffers.


Client Service for NetWare

Included with Windows NT Workstation, enabling workstations to make direct connections to file and printer resources at NetWare servers running NetWare 2.x or later.


compact

A command-line utility used to compress files on NTFS volumes. To see command line options, type compact /? at the command prompt. This utility can also be accessed by right-clicking any file or directory on an NTFS volume in Windows NT Explorer and clicking Properties to compress or uncompress the files.


computer account

Each computer running Windows NT Workstation and Windows NT Server that participates in a domain has its own account in the directory database. A computer account is created when the computer is first identified to the domain during network setup at installation time.


configure

To change the initial setup of a client, a Macintosh-accessible volume, a server, or a network.


connection

A software link between a client and a shared resource such as a printer or a shared directory on a server. Connections require a network card or modem.


DACL

Acronym for discretionary access control list.  See discretionary access control; SACL.


data carrier

In communications, either a specified frequency that can be modulated to convey information or a company that provides telephone and other communications services to consumers.


database query

The process of extracting data from a database and presenting it for use.


data fork

The part of a Macintosh file that holds most of the file’s information. The data fork is the part of the file shared between Macintosh and PC clients.


data stream

Windows NT Network Monitor monitors the network data stream, which consists of all information transferred over a network at any given time.


DCD

Acronym for Data Carrier Detect, which tracks the presence of a data carrier. See also data carrier.


DCE

Acronym for data communications equipment, an elaborate worldwide network of packet-forwarding nodes that participate in delivering an X.25 packet to its designated address, for example, a modem. See also node; packet.


DCOM

Acronym for Distributed Component Object Model. Use the DCOM Configuration tool to integrate client/server applications across multiple computers. DCOM can also be used to integrate robust Web browser applications.


DCOM Configuration tool

A Windows NT Server Utility that can be used to configure 32-bit applications for DCOM communication over the network.	See also DCOM.


decision tree

A geographical representation of a filter’s logic used by Windows NT Network Monitor. When you include or exclude information from your capture specifications, the decision tree reflects these specifications.


default network

In the Macintosh environment, this refers to physical network on which a server’s processes reside as nodes and on which the server appears to users.  A server’s default network must be one to which that server is attached. Only servers on AppleTalk Phase 2 internets have default networks.


default owner

The person assigned ownership of a folder on the server when the account of the folder or volume’s previous owner expires or is deleted. Each server has one default owner; you can specify the owner.


default user

Every user profile begins as a copy of default user (a default user profile stored on each computer running Windows NT Workstation or Windows NT Server).


default zone

The zone to which all Macintosh clients on the network are assigned by default.


DES

Acronym for Data Encryption Standard, a type of encryption (the U.S. government standard) designed to protect against password discovery and playback. Microsoft RAS uses DES encryption when both the client and the server are using RAS.


desired zone

The zone in which Services for Macintosh appears on the network. See also default zone.


device

Any piece of equipment that can be attached to a network — for example, a computer, a printer, or any other peripheral equipment.


DHCP

Acronym for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, which offers dynamic configuration of IP addresses and related information. DHCP provides safe, reliable, and simple TCP/IP network configuration, prevents address conflicts, and helps conserve the use of IP addresses through centralized management of address allocation.


DHCP Relay Agent

The component responsible for relaying DHCP and BOOTP broadcast messages between a DHCP server and a client across an IP router. See also DHCP; BOOTP.


dial-up line

A standard dial-up connection such as telephone and ISDN lines.


dial-up networking

The client version of Windows NT Remote Access Service (RAS).


directory database

A database of security information such as user account names and passwords, and the security policy settings. For Windows NT Workstation, the directory database is managed using User Manager. For a Windows NT Server domain, it is managed using User Manager for Domains. (Other Windows NT documents may refer to the directory database as the “Security Accounts Manager (SAM) database.”)


directory services

See Windows NT Directory Services.


discovery

A process by which the Windows NT Net Logon service attempts to locate a domain controller running Windows NT Server in the trusted domain. Once a domain controller has been discovered, it is used for subsequent user account authentication.


discretionary access control

Allows the network administrator to allow some users to connect to a resource or perform an action while preventing other users from doing so. See also discretionary access control list (DACL); SACL.


disjoint networks

Networks that are not connected to each other.


display filter

Functions like a database query, allowing you to single out specific types of information. Because a display filter operates on data that has already been captured, it does not affect the contents of the Network Monitor capture buffer.


display password

Required to be able to open previously saved capture (.cap) files in Network Monitor.


distributed server system

In Windows NT, a system in which individual departments or workgroups set up and maintain their own remote access domains.


DLL

See dynamic-link library.


document icon

Located at the left of a document window title bar, the document icon represents the open document. Clicking the document icon opens the window menu. Also known as the control menu box.


domain model

A grouping of one or more domains with administration and communication links between them that are arranged for the purpose of user and resource management.


dots per inch (DPI)

The standard used to measure print device resolution. The greater the DPI, the better the resolution.


DPI

See dots per inch.


driver

See device driver.


drop folder

In the Macintosh environment this refers to a folder for which you have the Make Changes permission but not the See Files or See Folders permission. You can copy files into a drop folder, but you cannot see what files and subfolders the drop folder contains.


DSDM

Acronym for DDE share database manager. See also DDE; Network DDE DSDM service.


DSR

Acronym for Data Set Ready signal, used in serial communications. A DSR is sent by a modem to the computer to which it’s attached to indicate that it is ready to operate.  DSRs are hardware signals sent over line 6 in RS-232-C connections.


DTE

Acronym for Data Terminal Equipment, for example a RAS server or client. See also Remote Access Service (RAS).


dual boot

A computer that can boot two different operating systems. See also multiple-boot.


dynamic-link library (DLL)

An operating system feature which allows executable routines (generally serving a specific function or set of functions) to be stored separately as files with DLL extensions and to be loaded only when needed by the program that calls them.


dynamic routing

Dynamic routing automatically updates the routing tables, reducing administrative overhead (but increasing traffic in large networks).


EISA

See Extended Industry Standard Architecture.


EMS

Acronym for expanded memory, which describes a technique for adding memory to IBM PC systems.  EMS bypasses the limits on the maximum amount of usable memory in a computer system by supporting memory boards containing a number of 16 KB banks of RAM that can be enabled or disabled by software. See also memory.


encryption

The process of making information indecipherable to protect it from unauthorized viewing or use, especially during transmission or when it is stored on a transportable magnetic medium.


enterprise server

Refers to the server to which multiple primary domain controllers  (PDCs) in a large organization will replicate.


ESDI

Acronym for enhanced small device interface, a standard that can be used with high-capacity hard disks, floppy disk drives, and tape drives to enable such devices to communicate with a computer at high speeds.


Ethernet

A widely implemented network media from which the IEEE 802.3 standard was developed. Ethernet uses a bus topology and relies on the form of access known as CSMA/CD to regulate traffic on the main communication line.


event logging

The Windows NT process of recording an audit entry in the audit trail whenever certain events occur, such as services starting and stopping and users logging on and off and accessing resources. You can use Event Viewer to review Services for Macintosh events as well as Windows NT events.


everyone category

In the Macintosh environment this is one of the user categories to which you assign permissions for a folder. Permissions given to everyone apply to all users who use the server, including guests.


Explorer

Microsoft Windows NT Explorer is a program that enables you to view and manage the files and folders on your computer and make network connections to other shared resources, such as a hard disk on a server. Windows NT Explorer replaces Program Manager and File Manger, which were programs available in earlier versions of Windows NT. Program Manager and File Manager are still available, and can be started in the same way you start other Windows-based programs.


Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA)

A 32-bit bus standard introduced in 1988 by a consortium of nine computer industry companies. EISA maintains compatibility with the earlier Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) but provides for additional features.


extension-type associations

The association of an MS-DOS filename extension with a Macintosh file type and file creator. Extension-type associations allow users of the PC and Macintosh versions of the same application to share the same data files on the server. Services for Macintosh has many predefined extension-type associations; you can also use the Associate command in the MacFile menu in File Manager to add more mappings.


fault tolerance

Ensures data integrity when hardware failures occur. In Windows NT, fault tolerance is provided by the FTDISK.SYS driver. In Disk Administrator, fault tolerance is provided using mirror sets, stripe sets with parity, and volume sets.


FCB

Acronym for file control block, a small block of memory temporarily assigned by a computer’s operating system to hold information about a file that has been opened for use. An FCB typically contains such information as the file’s identification, its location on disk, and a pointer that marks the user’s current (or last) position in the file.


FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

A type of network media designed to be used with fiber-optic cabling. See also Ethernet, LocalTalk, and token ring.


file creator

A four-character sequence that tells the Macintosh Finder the name of the application that created a file. With Services for Macintosh, you can create extension-type associations that map PC filename extensions with Macintosh file creators and file types. These associations allow both PC and Macintosh users to share the same data files on the server.


file fork

One of two subfiles of a Macintosh file. When Macintosh files are stored on a computer running Windows NT Server, each fork is stored as a separate file. Each fork can be independently opened by Macintosh users.


File Server for Macintosh

A Services for Macintosh service that enables Macintosh clients and PC clients to share files. Also called MacFile.


file transfer protocol (FTP)

A service supporting file transfers between local and remote systems that support this protocol. FTP supports several commands that allow bidirectional transfer of binary and ASCII files between systems. The FTP Server service is part of the Internet Information Server (IIS). The FTP client is installed with the TCP/IP connectivity utilities.


file type

In the Macintosh environment this refers to a four-character sequence that identifies the type of a Macintosh file. The file type and file creator are used by the Macintosh Finder to determine the appropriate desktop icon for that file.


filename extension

The characters that follow the period in a filename following the FAT naming conventions. Filename extensions can have as many as three characters, and are often used to identify the type of file and the application used to create the file (for example, spreadsheet files created by Microsoft Excel have the extension .xls). With Services for Macintosh, you can create extension-type associations that map PC filename extensions with Macintosh file creators and file types.


flat name space

A naming system in which computer names are created from a short sequence of characters without any additional structure superimposed.


flow control

An exchange of signals, over specific wires, in which each device signals its readiness to send or receive data.


fork

See data fork, file fork, and resource fork.


frame

In synchronous communication, a package of information transmitted as a single unit from one device to another. See also capture.


framing rules

Are established between a remote computer and the server, allowing continued communication (frame transfer) to occur.


full synchronization

Occurs when a copy of the entire database directory is sent to a backup domain controller (BDC). Full synchronization is performed automatically when changes have been deleted from the change log before replication takes place, and when a new BDC is added to a domain.


Gateway Service for NetWare

Included with Windows NT Server, enabling a computer running Windows NT Server to connect to NetWare servers.  Creating a gateway enables computers running only Microsoft client software to access NetWare resources through the gateway.


group account

A collection of user accounts. Giving a user account membership in a group gives that user all the rights and permissions granted to the group. See also user account; local account.


group category

One of three categories of users to which you can assign Macintosh permissions for a folder. The permissions assigned to the group category are available to the group associated with the folder.


guest

Services for Macintosh users who do not have a user account or who do not provide a password are logged on as a guest, using a user account with guest privileges. When a Macintosh user assigns permissions to everyone, those permissions are given to the group’s guests and users.


guest account

On computers running Windows NT Workstation or Windows NT Server, a built-in account used for logons by people who do not have a user account on the computer or domain or in any of the domains trusted by the computer’s domain.


guest privilege

One of three privilege levels that you can assign to a Windows NT user account. The guest account used for Macintosh guest logons must have Guest privilege. See also user account.


handle

A handle is a value used to uniquely identify a resource so that a program can access it.


handshaking

Refers to flow control in serial communication, which defines a method for the print device to tell Windows NT that its buffer is full.


Hardware Compatibility List (HCL)

The Windows NT Hardware Compatibility List lists the devices supported by Windows NT. The latest version of the HCL can be downloaded from the Microsoft Web Page (microsoft.com) on the Internet.


HCL

See Hardware Compatibility List.


hop

Refers to the next router. In IP routing, packets are always forwarded one router at a time. Packets often hop from router to router before reaching their destination. See also IP address; router.


HTML

Acronym for Hypertext Markup Language, a simple markup language used to create hypertext documents that are portable from one platform to another. HTML files are simple ASCII text files with codes embedded (indicated by markup tags) to indicate formatting and hypertext links.


IDE

Acronym for integrated device electronics, a type of disk-drive interface in which the controller electronics reside on the drive itself, eliminating the need for a separate adapter card.


IGMP

Acronym for Internet Group Management Protocol, used by workgroup software products and supported by Microsoft TCP/IP.


IIS

Acronym for Microsoft Internet Information Server, a tool for identifying your computer as an Internet server.


impersonation

Impersonation occurs when Windows NT Server allows one process to take on the security attributes of another.


Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

A type of phone line used to enhance WAN speeds, ISDN lines can transmit at speeds of 64 or 128 kilobits per second, as opposed to standard phone lines, which typically transmit at only 9600 bits per second (bps). An ISDN line must be installed by the phone company at both the server site and the remote site. See also bps.


interactive logon

A network logon from a computer keyboard, when the user types information in the Logon Information dialog box displayed by the computer’s operating system.  See also remote logon.


intermediary devices

Microsoft RAS supports various kinds of intermediary devices (security hosts and switches) between the remote access client and the remote access server. These devices include a modem-pool switch or security host. See also Remote Access Service (RAS).


internet

In Macintosh terminology, this refers to two or more physical networks connected by routers, which maintain a map of the physical networks on the internet and forward data received from one physical network to other physical networks. Network users in an internet can share information and network devices. You can use an internet with Services for Macintosh by connecting two or more AppleTalk networks to a computer running Windows NT Server.

In Windows NT, internet can also refer to private inter-enterprise TCP/IP networks.


internet router

A device that connects networks and directs network information to other networks, usually choosing the most efficient route through other routers.


internetworks

Networks that connect local area networks (LANs) together.


interprocess communication (IPC)

The ability, provided by a multitasking operating system, of one task or process to exchange data with another. Common IPC methods include pipes, semaphores, shared memory, queues, signals, and mailboxes. See also named pipes; queue.


IP datagrams

The basic internet protocol (IP) information unit.


IPC

See interprocess communication.


IPCP

Acronym for Internet Protocol Control Protocol, specified by RFC 1332. Responsible for configuring, enabling, and disabling the IP protocol modules on both ends of the point-to-point (PPP) link. See also PPP; RFC.


ISDN

See integrated services digital network.


ISO

Abbreviation for the International Standards Organization, an international association of member countries, each of which is represented by its leading standard-setting organization—for example ANSI (American National Standards Institute) for the United States.  The ISO works to establish global standards for communications and information exchange.


ISP

Acronym for internet service provider, a company or educational institution that enables remote users to access the Internet.


iteration

One of the three key concepts in DNS name resolution. A local name server keeps the burden of processing on itself and passes only iterative resolution requests to other name servers. An iterative resolution request tells the name server that the requester expects the best answer the name server can provide without help from others. If the name server has the requested data, it returns it, otherwise it returns pointers to name servers that are more likely to have the answer.

In programming, iteration is the art of executing one or more statements or instructions repeatedly.


LAN

See local area network.


lease

In Windows NT, the network administrator controls how long IP addresses are assigned by specifying lease durations that specify how long a computer can use an assigned IP address before having to renew the lease with the DHCP server. See also DHCP;  IP address.


license group

License groups show a relationship (also known as a mapping) between users and computers. A license group is comprised of a single descriptive name for the group; a specified number of Per-Seat licenses assigned to the group; and a specific list of users who are members of the group.


line printer daemon (LPD)

A line printer daemon (LPD) service on the print server receives documents (print jobs) from line printer remote (LPR) utilities running on client systems.


local area network (LAN)

A group of computers and other devices dispersed over a relatively limited area and connected by a communications link that enables any device to interact with any other on the network.


local guest logon

Takes effect when a user logs on interactively at a computer running Window NT Workstation or at a member server running Windows NT Server, and specifies Guest as the user name in the Logon Information dialog box.


LocalTalk

The name given by Apple Computer to the Apple networking hardware built into every Macintosh. LocalTalk includes the cables and connector boxes that connect components and network devices that are part of the AppleTalk network system. LocalTalk was formerly known as the AppleTalk Personal Network.


local user profiles

User profiles which are created automatically on the computer at logon the first time a user logs on to a computer running Windows NT Workstation or Windows NT Server.


lock

A method used to manage certain features of subdirectory replication by the export server. You can lock a subdirectory to prevent it from being exported to any import computers, or use locks to prevent imports to subdirectories on an import computer.


log books

Are kept by the system administrator to record the backup methods, dates, and contents of each tape in a backup set.


log files

Are created by NT Backup and contain a record of the date the tapes were created and the names of files and directories successfully backed up and restored. Performance Monitor also creates log files.


log off

To stop using the network and remove your user name from active use until you log on again.


log on

To provide a user name and password that identifies you to the network.


long name

A folder name or filename longer than the 8.3 filename standard (up to eight characters followed by a period and a three character extension) of the FAT file system. Macintosh users can assign long names to files and folders on the server, and using Services for Macintosh, you can assign long names to Macintosh-accessible volumes when you create them. Windows NT Server automatically translates long names of files and folders to 8.3 names for MS-DOS users. See also name mapping.


LPD

See line printer daemon.


MAC

See media access control.


MacFile

File Server for Macintosh. See File Server for Macintosh.


MacFile menu

The menu that appears in the Windows NT Server File Manager and Server Manager when Services for Macintosh is set up. You can create Macintosh-accessible volumes, and set permissions and other options using commands on this menu.


MacPrint

Print Server for Macintosh. See Print Server for Macintosh.


Mac volume

See Macintosh-accessible volume.


Macintosh-accessible volume

Storage space on the server used for folders and files of Macintosh users. A Macintosh-accessible volume is equivalent to a shared directory for PC users. Each Macintosh-accessible volume on a computer running Windows NT Server will correspond to a directory. Both PC users and Macintosh users can be given access to files located in a directory that is designated as both a shared directory and a Macintosh-accessible volume.


Macintosh-style permissions

Directory and volume permissions that are similar to the access privileges used on a Macintosh.


Make Changes

The Macintosh-style permission that gives users the right to make changes to a folder’s contents; for example, modifying, renaming, moving, creating, and deleting files. When Services for Macintosh translates access privileges into Windows NT Server permissions, a user who has the Make Changes privilege is given Write and Delete permissions.


mapping

In TCP/IP, refers to the relationship between a host or computer name and an IP address, used by DNS and NetBIOS name servers on TCP/IP networks. In Windows NT Explorer, refers to mapping a driver letter to a network drive. In Windows NT License Manager, refers to the relationship between users and computers in license groups. See also license groups.


mapping file

A file defining exactly which users and groups are to be migrated from NetWare to Windows NT Server, and what new user names and passwords are to be assigned to the migrated users.


master browser

A kind of network name server which keeps a browse list of all the servers and domains on the network. Also referred to as browse master. See also Windows NT browser system.


master domain

In the master domain model, the domain that is trusted by all other domains on the network and acts as the central administrative unit for user and group accounts.


media access control (MAC)

A layer in the network architecture that deals with network access and collision detection.


media access control (MAC) driver

See network card driver.


member servers

A computer that runs Windows NT Server but is not a primary domain controller (PDC) or backup domain controller (BDC) of a Windows NT domain. Member servers do not receive copies of the directory database. Also called a stand-alone server. See also PDC, BDC.


Migration Tool for NetWare

Included with Windows NT, enabling you to easily transfer user and group accounts, volumes, folders, and files from a NetWare server to a computer running Windows NT Server.


mirror set

A fully redundant or shadow copy of data. Mirror sets provide an identical twin for a selected disk; all data written to the primary disk is also written to the shadow or mirror disk. This enables you to have instant access to another disk with a redundant copy of the information on a failed disk. Mirror sets provide fault tolerance. See also fault tolerance.


multicast datagrams

IP multicasting is the transmission of an IP datagram to a host group (a set of zero or more hosts identified by a single IP destination address.) An IP datagram sent to one host is called a unicast datagram. An IP datagram sent to all hosts is called a broadcast datagram. See also host; IP; broadcast datagram


multihomed computer

A system that has multiple network cards, or that has been configured with multiple IP addresses for a single network interface card. See also IP; network interface card.


multihomed system

A system with multiple network adapters attached to separate physical networks.


multilink dialing

Multilink combines multiple physical links into a logical “bundle.” This aggregate link increases your bandwidth.


multiple-boot

A computer that runs two or more operating systems. For example, Windows 95, MS-DOS, and Windows NT operating systems can be installed on the same computer. When the computer is started, any one of the operating systems can be selected. Also known as dual-boot.


MultiProtocol Routing (MPR)

Enables routing over IP and IPX networks by connecting LANs or by connecting LANS to WANs.


name mapping

Is provided by Windows NT Server and Windows NT Workstation to ensure access by MS-DOS users to NTFS and FAT volumes (which can have share names of up to 255 characters, as opposed to MS-DOS, which is restricted to eight characters followed by a period and a three-character extension).  With name mapping, each file or directory with a name that does not conform the MS-DOS 8.3 standard is automatically given a second name that does. MS-DOS users connecting the file or directory over the network see the name in the 8.3 format; Windows NT Workstation and Windows NT Server users see the long name. See also long name; DNS; WINS.


name resolution service

TCP/IP internetworks require a name resolution service to convert computer names to IP addresses and IP addresses to computer names. (People use “friendly” names to connect to computers; programs use IP addresses.)


NDIS

Acronym for network driver interface specification, the Microsoft/3Com specification for the interface of network device drivers. All network adapter card drivers and protocol drivers shipped with Windows NT Server conform to NDIS. With Services for Macintosh, the AppleTalk Protocol stack on the server is implemented as an NDIS-compliant protocol and is bound to an NDIS network adapter card driver.


NetBEUI

A network protocol usually used in small, department-size local area networks of 1 to 200 clients.  It can use Token Ring source routing as its only method of routing. See also router.


NetBT

Short for NetBIOS over TCP/IP. The session-layer network service that performs name-to-IP address mapping for name resolution.


network adapter card

See network card.


network administrator

A person responsible for planning, configuring, and managing the day-to-day operation of the network. This person may also be referred to as a system administrator.


network adapter

See network card.


network card

An expansion card or other device used to connect a computer to a local area network (LAN). Also called a network adapter; network adapter card; adapter card; network interface card (NIC).


network card driver

A network device driver that works directly with the network adapter card, acting as an intermediary between the card and the protocol driver. With Services for Macintosh, the AppleTalk Protocol stack on the server is implemented as a protocol driver and is bound to one or more network adapter card drivers.


network driver

See device driver.


Network Driver Interface Specification

See NDIS.


network interface card (NIC)

See network card.


network number

In the Macintosh environment, the network number (also referred to as the network range) is the address or range of addresses assigned to the network, which is used by AppleTalk routers to route information to the appropriate network. Each physical network can have a range of network numbers.


network range

A range of network numbers (routing addresses) associated with a physical network in Phase 2. Apple manuals sometimes refer to a network range as a cable range. See also network number; routing.


network sniffer

A hardware and software diagnostic tool that can also be used to decipher passwords, which may result in unauthorized access to network accounts. Cleartext passwords are susceptible to network sniffers.


node

In the PC environment, a node is any device that is attached to the internetwork and uses TCP/IP. (A node can also be referred to as a host.) In the Macintosh environment, a node is an addressable entity on a network. Each Macintosh client is a node.


nonpaged memory

Memory that cannot be paged to disk. See also memory; paging file.


NWLink IPX\SPX Compatible Transport

A standard network protocol which supports routing, and can support NetWare client-server applications, where NetWare-aware Sockets-based applications communicate with IPX\SPX Sockets-based applications.


octet

In programming, an octet refers to eight bits or one byte.  IP addresses, for example, are typically represented in dotted-decimal notation, that is, with the decimal value of each octet of the address separated by a period. See also IP address.


offset

When specifying a filter in Windows NT Network Monitor based on a pattern match (which limits the capture to only those frames containing a specific pattern of ASCII or hexadecimal data), you must specify where the pattern occurs in the frame. This number of bytes (from the beginning or end of the frame) is known as an offset.


one-way trust relationship

One domain (the trusting domain) “trusts” the domain controllers in the other domain (the trusted domain) to authenticate user accounts from the trusted domain to use resources in the trusting domain.


OSI

Acronym for Open Systems Interconnection model.  TCP/IP protocols map to a four-layered conceptual model consisting of Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface. Each layer in this TCP/IP model corresponds to one or more layers of the International Standards Organization (ISO) seven-layer OSI model consisting of Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-link, and Physical.


owner

In Windows NT, every file and directory on an NTFS volume has an owner, who controls how permissions are set on the file or directory and can grant permissions to others.

In the Macintosh environment, an owner is the user is responsible for setting permissions for a folder on a server. A Macintosh user who creates a folder on the server automatically becomes the owner of the folder. The owner can transfer ownership to someone else. Each Macintosh-accessible volume on the server also has an owner.


owner category

In the Macintosh environment, this refers to the user category to which you assign permissions for the owner of a folder or a Macintosh volume.


packet header

The part of a packet that contains an identification number, source and destination addresses, and—sometimes—error-control data. See also packet.


PADs

Acronym for packet assemblers/disassemblers, a connection used in X.25 networks. X.25 PAD boards can be used in place of modems when provided with a compatible COM driver.


paging file

A special file on a PC’s hard disk. With virtual memory under Windows NT, some of the program code and other information is kept in RAM while other information is temporarily swapped into virtual memory. When that information is required again, Windows NT pulls it back into RAM and, if necessary, swaps other information to virtual memory. Also called a swap file.


PAP

Acronym for Password Authentication Protocol, a type of authentication which uses clear-text passwords and is the least sophisticated authentication protocol.


partial synchronization

The automatic, timed delivery to all domain BDCs (backup domain controllers) of only those directory database changes that have occurred since the last synchronization.


pass-through authentication

When the user account must be authenticated but the computer being used for the logon is not a domain controller in the domain where the user account is defined and is not the computer where the user account is defined, the computer passes the logon information through to a domain controller (directly or indirectly) where the user account is defined.


PC

Any personal computer (such as an IBM PC or compatible) using the MS-DOS, OS/2, Windows, Windows for Workgroups, Windows 95, Windows NT Workstation, or Windows NT Server operating systems.


peer

Any of the devices on a layered communications network that operate on the same protocol level.


permissions

Windows NT Server settings you set on a shared resource that determine which users can use the resource and how they can use it. See also access permission.

Services for Macintosh automatically translates between permissions and Macintosh access privileges, so that permissions set on a directory (volume) are enforced for Macintosh users, and access privileges set by Macintosh users are enforced for PC users connected to the computer running Windows NT Server.


ping

A command used to verify connections to one or more remote hosts. The ping utility uses the ICMP echo request and echo reply packets to determine whether a particular IP system on a network is functional. The ping utility is useful for diagnosing IP network or router failures.


Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)

PPTP is a new networking technology that supports multiprotocol virtual private networks (VPNs), enabling remote users to access corporate networks securely across the Internet by dialing into an internet service provider (ISP) or by connecting directly to the Internet.


pop-up menu

See window menu.


PostScript printer

A printer that uses the PostScript page description language to create text and graphics on the output medium, such as paper or overhead transparency. Examples of PostScript printers include the Apple LaserWriter, the NEC LC-890, and the QMS PS-810. See also font types.


POTS

Acronym for plain-old telephone service. Also an acronym for point of termination station, which refers to where a telephone call terminates.


power conditioning

A feature of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) which removes spikes, surges, sags, and noise from the power supply.


PPTP

See Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol.


primary group

The group with which a Macintosh user usually shares documents stored on a server.  You specify a user’s primary group in the user’s account. When a user creates a folder on the server, the user’s primary group is set as the folder’s associated group (by default).


primary group category

The group with which a Macintosh user usually shares documents stored on a server. You specify a user’s primary group in the user’s account. When a user creates a folder on the server, the user’s primary group is set as the folder’s associated group (by default). See also group category.


print device

Refers to the actual hardware device that produces printed output.


printer

Refers to the software interface between the operating system and the print device. The printer defines where the document will go before it reaches the print device (to a local port, to a file, or to a remote print share), when it will go, and various other aspects of the printing process.


printer permissions

Specify the type of access a user or group has to use the printer. The printer permissions are No Access, Print, Manage Documents, and Full Control.


printing pool

Consists of two or more identical print devices associated with one printer.


print job

In the Macintosh environment, a document or image sent from a client to a printer.


print processor

A PostScript program that understands the format of a document’s image file and how to print the file to a specific printer or class of printers.


print server

Refers to the computer that receives documents from clients.


Print Server for Macintosh

A Services for Macintosh service that enables Macintosh clients to send documents to printers attached to a computer running Windows NT, enables PC clients to send documents to printers anywhere on the AppleTalk network, and enables Macintosh users to spool their documents to the computer running Windows NT Server, thus freeing up their clients to do other tasks. Also called MacPrint.


print spooler

A collection of dynamic link libraries (DLLs) that receive, process, schedule, and distribute documents.


private volume

A Macintosh-accessible volume that is accessible by only one Macintosh user. For a volume to be a private volume, the permissions on its root directory must give the volume’s owner all three permissions (Make Changes, See Files, and See Folders), while giving the primary group and everyone categories no permissions at all. When a private volume’s owner uses the Chooser to view the volumes available on the server, the private volume is listed; however, no other users can see the private volume when viewing the volumes available on the server.


privilege level

One of three settings (User, Administrator, or Guest) assigned to each user account. The privilege level a user account has determines the actions that the user can perform on the network.


process

When a program runs, a Windows NT process is created.  A process is an object type which consists of an executable program, a set of virtual memory addresses, and one or more threads.


promiscuous mode

A state of a network adapter card in which it passes on to the networking software all the frames that it detects on the network, regardless of the frames' destination address.


property

In Windows NT Network Monitor, a property refers to a field within a protocol header. A protocol’s properties, collectively, indicate the purpose of the protocol.


protocol driver

A network device driver that implements a protocol, communicating between Windows NT Server and one or more network adapter card drivers. With Services for Macintosh, the AppleTalk Protocol stack is implemented as an NDIS-protocol driver, and is bound to one or more network adapter card drivers.


protocol parser

A dynamic-link library (DLL) that identifies the protocols used to send a frame onto the network. See also frame.


protocol properties

Refers to the elements of information that define a protocol’s purpose. Because the purpose of protocols vary, properties differ from one protocol to another.


protocol stack

The implementation of a specific protocol family in a computer or other node on the network.


PSTN

Acronym for public switched telephone network.


queue

In Windows NT terminology, a queue refers to a group of documents waiting to be printed. (In NetWare and OS/2 environments, queues are the primary software interface between the application and print device; users submit documents to a queue. However, with Windows NT, the printer is that interface—the document is sent to a printer, not a queue.)


RAID

Acronym for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks. A method used to standardize and categorize fault-tolerant disk systems. Six levels gauge various mixes of performance, reliability, and cost. Windows NT includes three of the RAID levels: Level 0, Level 1, and Level 5.


recursion

One of the three key concepts in DNS name resolution. A resolver typically passes a recursive resolution request to its local name server, which tells the name server that the resolver expects a complete answer to the query, not just a pointer to another name server. Recursive resolution effectively puts the workload onto the name server and allows the resolver to be small and simple.


reduced instruction set computing

See RISC.


registration

In Windows NT NetBT name resolution, registration is the process used to register a unique name for each computer (node) on the network.  A computer typically registers itself when it starts.


registry size limit (RSL)

The total amount of space that can be consumed by registry data (hives) is restricted by the registry size limit, which is a kind of universal maximum for registry space that prevents an application form filling the paged pool with registry data. See also hive; paging file.


remote logon

Occurs when a user is already logged on to a user account and makes a network connection to another computer.


renew

Client computers are periodically required to renew their NetBIOS name registrations with the WINS server. When a client computer first registers with a WINS server, the WINS server returns a message that indicates when the client will need to renew its registration.


repeaters

The most basic LAN connection device, repeaters strengthen the physical transmission signal. A repeater simply takes the electrical signals that reach it and then regenerates them to full strength before passing them on. Repeaters generally extend a single network (rather than link two networks).


replicators

One of Windows NT’s built-in local groups for workstations and member servers, used for directory replication functions.


resolution

In NetBT name resolution, resolution is the process used to determine the specific address for a computer name.


resource domain

A trusting domain that establishes a one-way trust relationship with the master (account) domain, enabling users with accounts in the master domain to use resources in all the other domains. See also domain; trust relationship.


resource fork

One of two forks that make up each Macintosh file. The resource fork holds Macintosh operating system resources, such as code, menu, font, and icon definitions. Resource forks have no relevance to PCs, so the resource forks of files on the server are never accessed by PC clients. See also data fork.


response

In Windows NT RAS, responses are strings expected from the device, which can contain macros.


RISC

Acronym for reduced instruction set computing. A type of microprocessor design that focuses on rapid and efficient processing of a relatively small set of instructions. RISC architecture limits the number of instructions that are built into the microprocessor but optimizes each so it can be carried out very rapidly—usually within a single clock cycle.


roaming user profiles

Are enabled when an administrator enters a user profile path into the user account. The first time the user logs off, the local user profile is copied to that location. Thereafter, the server copy of the user profile is downloaded each time the user logs on (if it is more current than the local copy) and is updated each time the user logs off.


root directory

The top-level directory on a computer, a partition, or Macintosh-accessible volume.


router

In the Windows NT environment, a router helps LANs and WANs achieve interoperability and connectivity and can link LANs that have different network topologies (such as Ethernet and Token Ring). Routers match packet headers to a LAN segment and choose the best path for the packet, optimizing network performance.

In the Macintosh environment, routers are necessary for computers on different physical networks to communicate with each other. Routers maintain a map of the physical networks on a Macintosh internet (network) and forward data received from one physical network to other physical networks. Computers running Windows NT Server with Services for Macintosh can act as routers, and you can also use third-party routing hardware on a network with Services for Macintosh.


routing table

Controls the routing decisions made by computers running TCP/IP. Routing tables are built automatically by Windows NT based on the IP configuration of your computer. See also dynamic routing table; routing; static routing.


SACL

Acronym for system access control list. In Windows NT programming, a data structure that consists of smaller data structures called access control elements (ACE). SACL is used in Windows NT security.


SAP

In the Windows environment, SAP is an acronym for Service Advertising Protocol, a service that broadcasts shared files, directories, and printers categorized first by domain or workgroup and then by server name.

In the context of routing and IPX, SAP is also an acronym for Service Advertising Protocol, used by servers to advertise their services and addresses on a network. Clients use SAP to determine what network resources are available.

In NetBeui, SAP is an acronym for Service Access Point, in which each link-layer program identifies itself by registering a unique service access point.

Note: Do not confuse with SAP financial database application software for the mainframe computer.


SCSI

Acronym for small computer system interface, a standard high-speed parallel interface defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). A SCSI interface is used for connecting microcomputers to peripheral devices such as hard disks and printers, and to other computers and local area networks.


section header

In Windows NT RAS, a section header is a string of up to 32 characters between square brackets which identifies the specific device to which the section applies.


secure attention sequence

A series of keystrokes (CTRL+ALT+DEL) which will always display the Windows NT operating system logon screen.


secure communications channel

Created when computers at each end of a connection are satisfied that the computer on the other end has identified itself correctly using its computer account. See also computer account.


security

A means of ensuring that shared files can be accessed only by authorized users.


security host

A third-party authentication device that verifies whether a caller from a remote client is authorized to connect to the Remote Access server. This verification supplements security already authorized to connect to the Remote- Access server.


See Files

The Macintosh-style permission that give users the right to open a folder and see the files in the folder. For example, a folder that has See Files and See Folders Macintosh-style permissions is given the Windows NT-style R (Read) permission.


See Folders

The Macintosh-style permission that gives users the right to open a folder and see the files contained in that folder.


seed router

In the Macintosh environment, a seed router initializes and broadcasts routing information about one or more physical networks. This information tells routers where to send each packet of data. A router on an AppleTalk network that initially defines the network number(s) and zone(s) for a network. Services for Macintosh servers can function as seed routers, and you can also use third-party hardware routers as seed routers. See also router.


server zone

The AppleTalk zone on which a server appears. On a Phase 2 network, a server appears in the default zone of the server’s default network. See also default network, default zone, desired zone, and zone.


Services for Macintosh

See Windows NT Server Services for Macintosh (SFM).


session

A link between two network devices, such as a client and a server. A session between a client and server consists of one or more connections from the client to the server.


SFM

Acronym for Windows NT Services for Macintosh.


share name

A name that refers to a shared resource on a server. Each shared directory on a server has a share name, used by PC users to refer to the directory. Users of Macintoshes use the name of the Macintosh-accessible volume that corresponds to a directory, which may be the same as the share name. See also Macintosh-accessible volume.


share permissions

Are used to restrict a shared resource’s availability over the network to only certain users.


short name

A valid MS-DOS or OS/2 8.3 filename (with up to eight characters followed by a period and a three-character extension) that the computer running Windows NT Server creates for every Macintosh folder name or filename on the server. PC users refer to files on the server by their short names; Macintosh users refer to them by their long names. See also long name; name mapping.


silent mode

During IP routing in silent mode, the computer listens to RIP broadcasts and updates its route table but does not advertise its own routes. See also RIP; routing.


single user logon

Windows NT network users can connect to multiple servers, domains, and applications with a single network logon.


SMB

Acronym for Server Message Block, a file sharing protocol designed to allow systems to transparently access files that reside on remote systems.


SMS

Acronym for System Management Server, part of the Windows NT BackOffice suite. SMS includes desktop management and software distribution that significantly automates the task of upgrading software on client computers.


SMTP

Acronym for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a member of the TCP/IP suite of protocols that governs the exchange of electronic mail between message transfer agents.


SNA

See System Network Architecture.


snapshot

A copy of main memory or video memory at a given instant, sent to a printer or hard disk. A graphical image of the video screen can be saved by taking a snapshot of video memory, more commonly called a screen dump.


sniffer

See network sniffer.


Sniffer files

Files saved from Network General Sniffer, a third-party protocol analyzer.


Sockets

Windows Sockets is a Windows implementation of the widely used UC Berkeley sockets API. Microsoft TCP/IP, NWLink, and AppleTalk protocols use this interface. Sockets interfaces between programs and the transport protocol and works as a bi-directional pipe for incoming and outgoing data. See also API; named pipe.


SPAP

Acronym for Shiva Password Authentication Protocol, a two-way (reversible) encryption mechanism employed by Shiva. Windows NT Workstation, when connecting to a Shiva LAN Rover, uses SPAP, as does a Shiva client connecting to a Windows NT Server.


special access permissions

On NTFS volumes, a custom set of permissions. You can customize permissions on files and directories by selecting the individual components of the standard sets of permissions.


spooler

Software that accepts documents sent by a user to be printed, and then stores those documents and sends them, one by one, to available printer(s). See also spooling.


spooling

A process on a server in which print documents are stored on a disk until a printing device is ready to process them. A spooler accepts each document from each client, stores it, then sends it to a printing device when it is ready.


stabilize

During subdirectory replication, when a subdirectory is stabilized, the export server waits two minutes after changes before exporting the subdirectory. The waiting period allows time for subsequent changes to take place so that all intended changes are recorded before being replicated. See also export server.


stand-alone server

See member server.


static routing

Static routing limits you to fixed routing tables, as opposed to dynamically updating the routing tables. See also routing table; dynamic routing.


stripe set

Refers to the saving of data across identical partitions on different drives. A stripe set does not provide fault tolerance; however stripe sets with parity do. See also stripe sets with parity; fault tolerance; partition.


stripe sets with parity

A method data protection in which data is striped in large blocks across all the disks in an array. Data redundancy is provided by the parity information. This method provides fault tolerance. See also stripe set.


subkey

A key within a key. Subkeys are analogous to subdirectories in the registry hierarchy. Keys and subkeys are similar to the section heading in .ini files; however subkeys can carry out functions. See also key; Windows NT Registry.


substitution macros

Are placeholders that are replaced in command strings.


subtree

During directory replication, this refers to the export subdirectory and all of its subdirectories.


switched circuit

See dial-up line.


system log

The system log contains events logged by the Windows NT components. For example, the failure of a driver or other system component to load during startup is recorded in the system log. Use Event Viewer to view the system log.


System Network Architecture (SNA)

System Network Architecture is a communications framework developed by IBM. Microsoft System Network Architecture (SNA) is an optional solution that provides a gateway connection between personal computer LANs or WANs and IBM mainframe and AS/400 hosts. See also gateway.


system policy

Is created with the System Policy Editor to control user work environments and actions, and to enforce system configuration for Windows 95.  System policy can be implemented for specific users, groups, computers, or for all users. System policy for users overwrites settings in the current user area of the registry, and system policy for computers overwrites the current local machine area of the registry.


systemroot

The name of the directory that contains Windows NT files. The name of this directory is specified when Windows NT is installed.


TAPI

Acronym for telephony API, used by programs to make data/fax/voice calls, including the Windows NT applets HyperTerminal, Dial-up Networking, Phone Dialer, and other Win32® communications applications written for Windows NT.


tape set

A tape set (sometimes referred to as a tape family) in Windows NT Backup is a sequence of tapes such that each tape is a continuation of the backup on the previous tape. See also backup sets; backup types.


Task Manager

Task Manager enables you to start, end, or run applications, end processes (either an application, application component, or system process), and view CPU and memory use data. Task Manager gives you a simple, quick view of how each process (application or service) is using CPU and memory resources.  (Note: In previous versions of Windows NT, Task List handled some of these functions.)

To run Task Manager, right-click on the toolbar and then click Task Manager.


template accounts

Accounts which are not actually used by real users but serve as a basis for the real accounts (for administrative purposes).


terminate-and-stay-resident program (TSR)

Acronym for terminate-and-stay-resident program. A program running under MS-DOS that remains loaded in memory even when it is not running so that it can be quickly invoked for a specific task performed while any other application is operating.


thread

Threads are objects within processes that run program instructions. They allow concurrent operations within a process and enable one process to run different parts of its program on different processors simultaneously.


Token Ring

A type of network media that connects clients in a closed ring and uses token passing to enable clients to use the network. See also Ethernet, FDDI, and LocalTalk.


trigger

A set of conditions that, when met, initiate an action. For example, before using Network Monitor to capture data from the network, you can set a trigger to stop the capture or to execute a program or command file.


Trojan horse

A program that masquerades as another common program in an attempt to receive information. An example of a Trojan horse is a program that masquerades as a system logon to retrieve user names and password information, which the writers of the Trojan horse can later use to break into the system.


trust relationships policy

A security policy that determines which domains are trusted and which domains are trusting domains. See also trust relationship.


TSR

See terminate-and-stay-resident program.


two-way trust relationship

Each domain trusts user accounts in the other domain to use its resources. Users can log on from computers in either domain to the domain that contains their account.


type

See file type.


UAM

See user authentication module.


UDP

See User Datagram Protocol.


unavailable

An unavailable button or command is displayed in light gray instead of black, and it cannot be clicked.


UNC name

Universal naming convention name. A full Windows NT name of a resource on a network. It conforms to the \\servername\sharename syntax, where servername is the server’s name and sharename is the name of the shared resource. UNC names of directories or files can also include the directory path under the share name, with the following syntax:
\\servername\sharename\directory\filename.


unicast datagram

An IP datagram sent to one host. See also Internet Protocol (IP); multicast datagram; broadcast datagram.


user authentication module

Software component that prompts clients for their user names and passwords. See also cleartext passwords and encrypted passwords.


User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

A TCP complement that offers a connectionless datagram service that guarantees neither delivery nor correct sequencing of delivered packets (much like IP). See also datagram; packet.


user password

The password stored in each user’s account. Each user generally has a unique user password and must type that password when logging on or accessing a server. See also password and volume password.


User privilege

One of three privilege levels you can assign to a Windows NT user account. Every user account has one of the three privilege levels (Administrator, Guest, and User). Accounts with User privilege are regular users of the network; most accounts on your network will probably have User privilege. See also Administrator privilege and Guest privilege.


user rights

Define a user's access to a computer or domain and the actions that a user can perform on the computer or domain. User rights permit actions suct as logging onto a computer or network, adding or deleting users in a workstation or domain, and so forth.


users

A special group that contains all users who have user permissions on the server. When a Macintosh user assigns permissions to everyone, those permissions are given to the groups users and guests. See also everyone category and guests.


Van Jacobsen header compression

A TCP/IP network layer compression technique, VJ compression reduces the size of IP and TCP headers.


variables

In programming, a variable is a named storage location capable of containing a certain type of data that can be modified during program execution. System environment variables are defined by Windows NT Server and are the same no matter who is logged on at the computer. (Administrator group members can add new variables or change the values, however.) User environment variables can be different for each user of a particular computer. They include any environment variables you want to define of variables defined by your applications, such as the path where application files are located.


VDD

Acronym for virtual device drivers, which enable MS-DOS-based and 16-bit Windows-based applications to run on Windows NT.


VDM

Acronym for virtual DOS machine. Simulates an MS-DOS environment so that MS-DOS-based and Windows-based applications can run on Windows NT.


verify operation

Occurs after all files are backed up or restored, if specified.  A verify operation compares files on disk to files that have been written to tape.


virus

A program that attempts to spread from computer to computer and either cause damage (by erasing or corrupting data) or annoy users (by printing messages or altering what is displayed on the screen).


volume password

An optional, case-sensitive password you can assign to a Macintosh-accessible volume when you configure the volume. To access the volume, a user must type the volume password. See also password and user password.


volume set

A combination of partitions on a physical disk that appear as one logical drive.


VPN

Acronym for virtual private network, a remote LAN that can be accessed through the Internet using the new PPTP. See also PPTP.


WAN

See wide area network


wide area network
wide area network (WAN)

A communications network that connects geographically separated areas.


Windows NT browser system

Consists of a master browser, backup browser, and client systems. The master browser maintains the browse list—of all the available domains and servers—and periodically sends copies to the backup browsers.


Windows NT Registry

A hierarchical database that provides a central repository to store configuration information about hardware and user accounts.


Windows NT Server Directory Services

A Windows NT protected subsystem that maintains the directory database and provides an application programming interface (API) for accessing the database. See also directory database.


Windows NT Server Services for Macintosh

A software component of Windows NT Server that allows Macintosh users access to the computer running Windows NT Server. The services provided with this component allow PC and Macintosh users to share files and resources, such as printers on the AppleTalk network or those attached to the Windows NT Server. See also File Server for Macintosh and Print Server for Macintosh.


working set

Every program running can use a portion of physical memory, its working set, which is the current number of physical memory bytes used by or allocated by a process.


WOSA

Acronym for Microsoft Windows Open System Architecture, which specifies an open set of APIs for integrating Windows-based computers with back-end services on a broad range of vendor’s systems. WOSA consists of an extensible set of APIs that enable Windows-based desktop applications to access available information without having to know anything about the type of network in use, the types of computers in the enterprise, or types of back-end services available. As a result, if the network computers or services change, the desktop applications built using WOSA won’t require rewriting. See also API.


WOW

Acronym for Win16 on Win32. The translation of Windows 3.1-based application calls to standard mode for RISC-based computers and 386 enhanced mode for x86-based computers.


XOR

Acronym for exclusive OR. A Boolean operation in which the Windows NT Server  stripe-sets-with-parity form of fault tolerance maintains an XOR of the total data to provide data redundancy. This enables the reconstruction of missing data (on a failed disk or sector) from the remaining disks in the stripe set with parity. See also stripe set with parity; fault tolerance.


X.25

A recommendation published by the CCITT international communications standards organization that defines the connection between a terminal and a packet-switching network. An X.25 network is a type of  packet-switching network that routes units of information (packets) as specified by X.25 and is used in public data communications networks. See also packet.


X.25 smart card

A hardware card with a PAD (packet assemblers/disassemblers) embedded in it.


zone

In the Macintosh environment, a zone is a logical grouping which simplifies browsing the network for resources, such as servers and printers. It is similar to a domain in Windows NT Server networking.

In a DNS (Domain Name System) database, a zone is a subtree of the DNS database that is administered as a single separate entity, a DNS name server. This administrative unit can consist of a single domain or a domain with subdomains.  A DNS zone administrator sets up one or more name servers for the zone. See also DNS; domain.


zone list

In the Macintosh environment, a zone list includes all of the zones associated with a particular network. Not to be confused with Windows NT DNS zones.


access permission

A rule associated with an object (usually a directory, file, or printer) to regulate which users can have access to the object and in what manner. See also user right.


account

See user account; group account.


account policy

Controls the way passwords must be used by all user accounts of a domain, or of an individual computer. Specifics include minimum password length, how often a user must change his or her password, and how often users can reuse old passwords. Account policy can be set for all user accounts in a domain when administering a domain, and for all user accounts of a single workstation or member server when administering a computer.


active

The window or icon that you are currently using or that is currently selected. Windows NT always applies the next keystroke or command you choose to the active window. If a window is active, its title bar changes color to differentiate it from other windows. If an icon is active, its label changes color.

Windows or icons on the desktop that are not selected are inactive.


address classes

Predefined groupings of Internet addresses, with each class defining networks of a certain size. The range of numbers that can be assigned for the first octet in the IP address is based on the address class. Class A networks (values 1-126) are the largest, with over 16 million hosts per network. Class B networks (128-191) have up to 65,534 hosts per network, and Class C networks (192-223) can have up to 254 hosts per network. See also octet.


address resolution protocol (ARP)

A protocol in the TCP/IP suite that provides IP address-to-MAC address resolution for IP packets. See also media access control (MAC).


administrative alerts

Administrative alerts relate to server and resource use and warn about problems in areas such as security and access, user sessions, server shutdown due to power loss (when UPS is available), directory replication, and printing. When a computer generates an administrative alert, a message is sent to a predefined list of users and computers. See also Alerter service; UPS.


agent

In SNMP, agent information consists of comments about the user, the physical location of the computer, and the types of service to report based on the computer’s configuration. See also SNMP.


Alerter service

Notifies selected users and computers of administrative alerts that occur on a computer. Used by the Server and other services. Requires the Messenger service. See also administrative alerts; Messenger service.


application

A computer program used for a particular kind of work, such as word processing. This term is often used interchangeably with "program."


application window

The main window for an application, which contains the application's menu bar and work area. An application window may contain multiple document windows.


archive bit

Backup programs use the archive bit to mark the files after backing them up, if a normal or incremental backup is performed. See also backup types.


ASCII file

See text file.


associate

To identify a filename extension as "belonging" to a certain application, so that when you open any file with that extension, the application starts automatically.


attributes

Information that indicates whether a file is a read-only, hidden, system, or compressed file, and whether the file has been changed since a backup copy of it was made.


audit policy

For the servers of a domain or for an individual computer, defines the type of security events that will be logged.


auditing

Tracking activities of users by recording selected types of events in the security log of a server or a workstation.


authentication

Validation of a user’s logon information. When a user logs on to an account on a computer running Windows NT Workstation, the authentication is performed by that workstation. When a user logs on to an account on a Windows NT Server domain, authentication may be performed by any server of that domain. See also server, trust relationships.


Backup Domain Controller (BDC)

In a Windows NT Server domain, a computer running Windows NT Server that receives a copy of the domain's directory database, which contains all account and security policy information for the domain. The copy is synchronized periodically and automatically with the master copy on the primary domain controller (PDC). BDCs also authenticate user logons and can be promoted to function as PDCs as needed. Multiple BDCs can exist on a domain.  See also member server; PDC.


copy backup

differential backup

daily backup

incremental backup

normal backup


copy backup

Copies all selected files but does not mark each file as having been backed up.  Copying is useful if you want to backup files between normal and incremental backups because copying will not invalidate these other backup operations.


differential backup

Copies those files created or changed since the last normal (or incremental) backup. It does not mark files as having been backed up.


daily backup

Copies all selected files that have been modified the day the daily backup is performed.


incremental backup

Backs up only those files created or changed since the last normal (or incremental) backup. It marks files as having been backed up.


normal backup

Copies all selected files and marks each as having been backed up. Normal backupsgive you the ability to restore files quickly because files on the last tape are the most current.


batch program

An ASCII file (unformatted text file) that contains one or more Windows NT commands. A batch program’s filename has a .CMD or .BAT extension. When you type the filename at the command prompt, the commands are processed sequentially.


binary

A base-2 number system, in which values are expressed as combinations of two digits, 0 and 1.


binary-file transfer

A method of transferring binary files from Windows NT HyperTerminal to a remote computer. Binary files consist of ASCII characters plus the extended ASCII character set. These files are not converted or translated during the transfer process.


binding

A process that establishes the communication channel between a protocol driver ( such as TCP/IP) and a network card.


boot loader

Defines the information needed for system startup, such as the location for the operating system’s files. Windows NT automatically creates the correct configuration and checks this information whenever you start your system.


boot partition

The volume, formatted for either an NTFS or FAT file system, that has the Windows NT operating system and its support files. The boot partition can be (but does not have to be) the same as the system partition. See also partition; FAT; NTFS.


bootstrap protocol (BOOTP)

An TCP/IP network protocol, defined by RFC 951 and RFC 1542, used to configure systems. DHCP is an extension of BOOTP. See also DHCP.


BOOTP

See Bootstrap protocol.


branch

A segment of the directory tree, representing a directory (or folder) and any subdirectories (or folders within folders) it contains.


Broadcast name resolution

A mechanism defined in RFC 1001/1002 that uses broadcasts to resolve names to IP addresses through a process of registration, resolution, and name release. See also broadcast datagram.


browse

To view available network resources by looking through lists of folders, files, user accounts, groups, domains, or computers. Browsing allows users on a Windows NT network to see what domains and computers are accessible from their local computer. See also Windows NT browser system.


buffer

A temporary storage place for information.


built-in groups

The default groups provided with Windows NT Workstation and Windows NT Server. Built-in groups have been granted useful collections of rights and built-in abilities.

In most cases, a built-in group provides all the capabilities needed by a particular user. For example, if a domain user account belongs to the built-in Administrators group, logging on with that account gives a user administrative capabilities over the domain and the servers of the domain. To provide a needed set of capabilities to a user account, assign it to the appropriate built-in group. See also groups, User Manager, User Manager for Domains.


check box

A small box in a dialog box or property page that can be selected or cleared. Check boxes represent an option that you can turn on or off. When a check box is selected, an X appears in the box.


checksum

The mathematical computation used to verify the accuracy of data in TCP/IP packets.


choose

To pick an item that begins an action in Windows NT. You often click a command on a menu to perform a task, and you click an icon to start an application.


clear

To turn off an option by removing the X from a check box. You clear a check box by clicking it, or by selecting it and then pressing the SPACEBAR.


click

To press and release a mouse button quickly.


client

A computer that accesses shared network resources provided by another computer, called a server. See also server; workstation.


client application

A Windows NT application that can display and store linked or embedded objects. For distributed applications, the application that imitates a request to a server application. See also server application, DCOM, DCOM Configuration tool.


Clipboard

A temporary storage area in memory, used to transfer information. You can cut or copy information onto the Clipboard and then paste it into another document or application.


close

To remove a window or dialog box, or quit an application. You close a window by clicking Close on the Control menu, or by clicking on the close button icon in the upper right corner of the dialog box. When you close an application window, you quit the application.


collapse

To hide additional directory levels below a selected directory in the directory tree.


color scheme

A combination of complementary colors for screen elements.


command

A word or phrase, usually found on a menu, that you click to carry out an action. You click a command on a menu or type a command at the Windows NT command prompt. You can also type a command in the Run dialog box, which you open by clicking Run on the Start menu.


command button

A button in a dialog box that carries out or cancels the selected action. Two common command buttons are OK and Cancel. Clicking a command button that contains an ellipsis (for example, Browse... ) causes another dialog box to appear.


common groups

Common groups appear in the program list on the Start menu for all users who log on to the computer.  Only Administrators can create or change common groups.


communications settings

Settings that specify how information is transferred from your computer to a device (usually a printer or modem).


community names

A group of hosts to which a server belongs that is running the SNMP service. The community name is placed in the SNMP packet when the trap is sent. Typically, all hosts belong to Public, which is the standard name for the common community of all hosts. See also SNMP.


compound device

A device that plays specific media files. For example, to run a compound device such as a MIDI sequencer, you must specify a MIDI file.


Computer Browser service

Maintains an up-to-date list of computers, and provides the list to applications when requested. Provides the computer lists displayed in the Network Neighborhood, Select Computer, and Select Domain dialog boxes; and (for Windows NT Server only) in the Server Manager window.


computer name

A unique name of up to 15 uppercase characters that identifies a computer to the network. The name cannot be the same as any other computer or domain name in the network.


connect

To assign a drive letter, port, or computer name to a shared resource so that you can use it with Windows NT.


connected user

A user accessing a computer or a resource across the network.


control codes

Codes that specify terminal commands or formatting instructions (such as linefeeds or carriage returns) in a text file. Control codes are usually preceded by a caret (^).


Control menu

See window menu; pop-up menu.


controller

See primary domain controller; backup domain controller.


conventional memory

Up to the first 640K of memory in your computer. MS-DOS uses this memory to run applications.


current directory

The directory that you are currently working in. Also called current folder.


daemon

A networking program that runs in the background.


datagram

A packet of data and other delivery information that is routed through a packet-switched network or transmitted on a local area network.


default profile

See system default profile, user default profile.


DDE

See dynamic data exchange.


default button

In some dialog boxes, the command button that is selected or highlighted when the dialog box is initially displayed. The default button has a bold border, indicating that it will be chosen automatically if you press ENTER. You can override a default button by clicking Cancel or another command button.


default gateway

In TCP/IP, the intermediate network device on the local network that has knowledge of the network IDs of the other networks in the internet, so it can forward the packets to other gateways until the packet is eventually delivered to a gateway connected to the specified destination.


default printer

The printer that is used if you choose the Print command without first specifying which printer you want to use with an application. You can have only one default printer; it should be the printer you use most often.


dependent service

A service that requires the support of another service. For example, the Alerter service is dependent on the Messenger service. See also Alerter service; Messenger service.


descendent key

All the subkeys that appear when a key in the registry is expanded.  A descendent key is the same thing as a subkey. See also key; subkey; Windows NT Registry.


desktop

The background of your screen, on which windows, icons, and dialog boxes appear.


desktop pattern

A design that appears across your desktop. You can create your own pattern or select a pattern provided by Windows NT.


destination directory

The directory to which you intend to copy or move one or more files.


destination document

The document into which a package or a linked or embedded object is being inserted. For an embedded object, this is sometimes also called the container document.


device contention

The way Windows NT allocates access to peripheral devices, such as modems or a printers, when more than one application is trying to use the same device.


device driver

A program that enables a specific piece of hardware (device) to communicate with Windows NT. Although a device may be installed on your system, Windows NT cannot recognize the device until you have installed and configured the appropriate driver. If a device is listed in the Hardware Compatibility List, a driver is usually included with Windows NT. Drivers are installed when you run the Setup program (for a manufacturer’s supplied driver) or by using Devices in Control Panel. See also HCL.


dialog box

A window that is displayed to request or supply information. Many dialog boxes have options you must select before Windows NT can carry out a command.


directory

Part of a structure for organizing your files on a disk, a directory (also called a folder) is represented by the folder icon in Windows NT, Windows 95, and on Macintosh computers. A directory can contain files and other directories, called subdirectories or folders within folders.

With Services for Macintosh, directories on the computer running Windows NT Server appear to Macintosh users as volumes and folders if they are designated as Macintosh accessible. See also directory tree; folder.


directory replication

The copying of a master set of directories from a server (called an export server) to specified servers or workstations (called import computers) in the same or other domains. Replication simplifies the task of maintaining identical sets of directories and files on multiple computers, because only a single master copy of the data must be maintained. Files are replicated when they are added to an exported directory, and every time a change is saved to the file. See also Directory Replicator service.


Directory Replicator service

Replicates directories, and the files in those directories, between computers. See also directory replication.


directory tree

A graphical display of a disk's directory hierarchy. The directories and folders on the disk are shown as a branching structure. The top-level directory is the root directory.


disabled user account

A user account that does not permit logons. The account appears in the user account list of the User Manager or User Manager for Domains window and can be re-enabled at any time. See also user account.


DNS

See Domain Name System


DNS name servers

In the DNS client-server model, the servers containing information about a portion of the DNS database, which makes computer names available to client resolvers querying for name resolution across the internet. See also Domain Name System (DNS).


domain

In Windows NT, a collection of computers defined by the administrator of a Windows NT Server network that share a common directory database. A domain provides access to the centralized user accounts and group accounts maintained by the domain administrator. Each domain has a unique name. See also workgroup.


domain controller

In a Windows NT Server domain, refers to the computer running Windows NT Server that manages all aspects of user-domain interactions, and uses information in the directory database to authenticate users logging on to domain accounts. One shared directory database is used to store security and user account information for the entire domain. A domain has one primary domain controller (PDC) and one or more backup domain controllers (BDCs).  See also member server; PDC; BDC.


domain database

See directory database.


domain name

Part of the Domain Name System (DNS) naming structure, a domain name is the name by which a domain is known to the network. Domain names consist of a sequence of labels separated by periods. See also DNS; FQDN.


domain name space

The database structure used by the Domain Name System (DNS). See also DNS.


Domain Name System (DNS)

Sometimes referred to as the BIND service in BSD UNIX, DNS offers a static, hierarchical name service for TCP/IP hosts. The network administrator configures the DNS with a list of hostnames and IP addresses, allowing users of workstations configured to query the DNS to specify remote systems by hostnames rather than IP addresses. For example, a workstation configured to use DNS name resolution could use the command ping remotehost rather than ping 1.2.3.4 if the mapping for the system named remotehost was contained in the DNS database. DNS domains should not be confused with Windows NT networking domains. See also ping.


domain synchronization

See synchronize.


drive icon

An icon in the All Folders column in Windows NT Explorer or the Names Column in My Computer that represents a disk drive on your system. Different icons depict floppy disk drives, hard disk drives, network drives, RAM drives, and CD-ROM drives.


disk configuration information

The Windows NT registry includes the following information on the configuration of your disk(s):  assigned drive letters, stripe sets, mirror sets, volume sets, stripe sets with parity. Disk configuration can be changed using Disk Administrator. If you  choose to create an Emergency Repair disk, disk configuration information will be stored there as well as in the registry.


document

A self-contained file created with an application program and, if saved on disk, given a unique filename by which it can be retrieved. A document can be a text file, a spreadsheet, or an image file, for example.


document file

A file that is associated with an application. When you open a document file, the application starts and loads the file. See also associate.


document-file icon

Represents a file that is associated with an application. When you double-click a document-file icon, the application starts and loads the file. See also associate.


double-click

To rapidly press and release a mouse button twice without moving the mouse. Double-clicking carries out an action, such as starting an application.


downloaded fonts

Fonts that you send to your printer either before or during the printing of your documents. When you send a font to your printer, it is stored in printer memory until it is needed for printing.


drag

To move an item on the screen by selecting the item and then pressing and holding down the mouse button while moving the mouse. For example, you can move a window to another location on the screen by dragging its title bar.


DWORD

A data type composed of hexadecimal data with a maximum allotted space of 4 bytes.


dynamic data exchange (DDE)

A form of interprocess communication (IPC) implemented in the Microsoft Windows family of operating systems. Two or more programs that support dynamic data exchange (DDE) can exchange information and commands. See also IPC.


embedded object

Presents information created in another application which has been pasted inside your document. Information in the embedded object does not exist in another file outside your document.


encapsulated PostScript (EPS) file

A file that prints at the highest possible resolution for your printer. An EPS file may print faster than other graphical representations. Some Windows NT and non-Windows NT graphical applications can import EPS files.


environment variable

A string consisting of environment information, such as a drive, path, or filename, associated with a symbolic name that can be used by Windows NT. You use the System option in Control Panel or the Set command from the Windows NT command prompt to define environment variables.


event

Any significant occurrence in the system or an application that requires users to be notified, or an entry to be added to a log.


Event Log service

Records events in the system, security, and application logs. Event Log Service is located in Event Viewer.


expand

To show hidden directory levels in the directory tree. With My Computer or Windows NT Explorer, directories that can expand have plus-sign icons which you click to expand.


expanded memory

A type of memory, up to 8 megabytes, that can be added to an 8086 or 8088 computer, or to an 80286, 80386, 80486, or Pentium computer. The use of expanded memory is defined by the Expanded Memory Specification (EMS). Note: Windows NT requires a 80486 or higher computer.


export path

In directory replication, a path from which subdirectories, and the files in those subdirectories, are automatically exported from an export server. See also directory replication.


export server

In directory replication, a server from which a master set of directories is exported to specified servers or workstations (called import computers) in the same or other domains. See also directory replication.


extended partition

Created from free space on a hard disk, an extended partition can be subpartitioned into zero or more logical drives. Only one of the four partitions allowed per physical disk can be an extended partition, and no primary partition needs to be present to create an extended partition. See also free space; logical drives; primary partition.


extended memory

Memory beyond one megabyte in 80286, 80386, 80486, and Pentium computers. Note: Windows NT requires a 80486 or higher computer.


extension

An extension usually indicates the type of file or directory, or the type of application associated with a file. In MS-DOS, this includes a period and up to three characters at the end of a filename. Windows NT supports long filenames up to the filename limit of 255 characters.


external command

A command that is stored in its own file and loaded from disk when you use the command.


family set

A collection of related tapes containing several backup sets. See also backup sets.


FAT

See file allocation table (FAT).


file

A collection of information that has been given a name and is stored on a disk. This information can be a document or an application.


file allocation table (FAT)

A table or list maintained by some operating systems to keep track of the status of various segments of disk space used for file storage. Also referred to as the FAT file system.


file replication service

A Windows NT service that allows specified file(s) to be replicated to remote systems, ensuring that copies on each system are kept in synchronization. The system that maintains the master copy is called the exporter, and the systems that receive updates are known as importers.


file sharing

The ability for a Windows NT computer to share parts (or all) of its local file system(s) with remote computers. An administrator creates share points by using either the file sharing command in My Computer or Windows NT Explorer or by using the net share command from the command prompt.


file system

In an operating system, the overall structure in which files are named, stored, and organized. NTFS and FAT are types of file systems.


filename

The name of a file. MS-DOS supports the 8.3 naming convention of up to eight characters followed by a period and a three-character extension. Windows NT supports the FAT and NTFS file systems with filenames up to 255 characters. Since MS-DOS cannot recognize long filenames, Windows NT Server automatically translates long names of files and folders to 8.3 names for MS-DOS users.  See also name mapping; long name; short name.


find tab

Displays the words you can use to search for related topics. Use this tab to look for topics related to a particular word. It is located in the Help button bar near the top of the Help window.


floppy disk

A disk that can be inserted in and removed from a disk drive. Floppies are most commonly available in a 3.5 or 5.25 inch format.


folder

A grouping of files or other folders, graphically represented by a folder icon, in both the Windows NT and Macintosh environments. A folder is analogous to a PC’s file system directory, and many folders are, in fact, directories. A folder may contain other folders as well as file objects. See also directory.


font

A graphic design applied to a collection of numbers, symbols, and characters. A font describes a certain typeface along with other qualities such as size, spacing and pitch. See also font set; font types.


font set

A collection of font sizes for one font, customized for a particular display and printer. Font sets determine what text looks like on the screen and when printed. See also font.


device fonts

downloadable soft fonts

PostScript fonts

raster fonts

srceen fonts

TrueType fonts

vector fonts


device fonts

Reside in the hardware of your print device. They can be built into the print device itself or can be provided by a font cartridge or font card.


downloadable soft fonts

Fonts that are stored on disk and downloaded as needed to the print device.


PostScript fonts

Fonts that are defined in terms of the PostScript page-description language rules from Adobe Systems. When a document displayed in a screen font is sent to a PostScript printer, the printer uses the PostScript version if the font exists. If the font doesn’t exist but a version is installed on the computer, that font is downloaded. If there is no PostScript font installed in either the printer or the computer, the bit-mapped font is translated into PostScript and the printer prints text using the bit-mapped font.


raster fonts

Fonts that are stored as bitmaps. If a print device does not support raster fonts, it will not print them. Raster fonts cannot be scaled or rotated.


screen fonts

Windows NT fonts that can be translated for output to the print device. Most screen fonts (including TrueType fonts) can be printed as well.


TrueType fonts

Device-independent fonts that can be reproduced on all print devices. TrueType fonts are stored as outlines and can be scaled and rotated.


vector fonts

Fonts that are useful on devices such as pen plotters that cannot reproduce bitmaps. They can be scaled to any size or aspect ratio. See also plotter font.


FQDN

See fully qualified domain name.


free space

Free space is an unused and unformatted portion of a hard disk that can be partitioned or subpartitioned.  Free space within an extended partition is available for the creation of logical drives.  Free space that is not within an extended partition is available for the creation of a partition, with a maximum of four partitions allowed per disk. See also extended partition; primary partition; logical drive.


FTP

See file transfer protocol.


full-screen application

A non-Windows NT application that is displayed in the entire screen, rather than a window, when running in the Windows NT environment.


full name

A user’s complete name, usually consisting of the last name, first name, and middle initial. The full name is information that can be maintained by User Manager and User Manager for Domains as part of the information identifying and defining a user account. See also user account.


fully qualified domain name (FQDN)

Part of the TCP/IP naming convention known as the Domain Name System, DNS computer names consist of two parts: host names with their domain names appended to them. For example, a host with host name corp001 and DNS domain name trey-research.com has an FQDN of corp001.trey-research.com. (DNS domains should not be confused with Windows NT networking domains.) See also DNS.


gateway

Describes a system connected to multiple physical TCP/IP networks, capable of routing or delivering IP packets between them. A gateway translates between different transport protocols or data formats (for example IPX and IP) and is generally added to a network primarily for its translation ability. Also referred to as an IP router. See also IP router; IP address.


General MIDI

A MIDI specification controlled by the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA). The specification provides guidelines that authors of MIDI files can use to create files that sound the same across a variety of different synthesizers.


global account

For Windows NT Server, a normal user account in a user’s domain. Most user accounts are global accounts. If there are multiple domains in the network, it is best if each user in the network has only one user account, in only one domain, and each user’s access to other domains is accomplished through the establishment of domain trust relationships. See also local account.


global group

For Windows NT Server, a group that can be used in its own domain, member servers and workstations of the domain, and trusting domains. In all those places it can be granted rights and permissions and can become a member of local groups. However, it can only contain user accounts from its own domain. Global groups provide a way to create handy sets of users from inside the domain, available for use both in and out of the domain.

Global groups cannot be created or maintained on computers running Windows NT Workstation. However, for Windows NT Workstation computers that participate in a domain, domain global groups can be granted rights and permissions at those workstations, and can become members of local groups at those workstations. See also group; local group.


group

In User Manager or User Manager for Domains, an account containing other accounts that are called members. The permissions and rights granted to a group are also provided to its members, making groups a convenient way to grant common capabilities to collections of user accounts. For Windows NT Workstation, groups are managed with User Manager. For Windows NT Server, groups are managed with User Manager for Domains. See also built-in groups; global group; local group; user account.


group memberships

The groups to which a user account belongs. Permissions and rights granted to a group are also provided to its members. In most cases, the actions a user can perform in Windows NT are determined by the group memberships of the user account the user is logged on to. See also group.


group name

A unique name identifying a local group or a global group to Windows NT. A group’s name cannot be identical to any other group name or user name of its own domain or computer. See also global group; local group.


h-node

A NetBIOS implementation that uses the p-node protocol first, then the b-node protocol if the name service is unavailable. For registration, it uses the b-node protocol, then the p-node protocol.


heterogeneous environment

An internetwork with servers and workstations running different operating systems, such as Windows NT, Macintosh, or Novell Netware, using a mix of different transport protocols.


hexadecimal

A base-16 number system that consists of the digits 0 through 9 and the uppercase and lowercase letters A (equivalent to decimal 10) through F (equivalent to decimal 15).


high memory area

The first 64K of extended memory (often referred to as HMA). See also memory.


hive

A section of the registry that appears as a file on your hard disk. The registry subtree is divided into hives (named for their resemblance to the cellular structure of a beehive). A hive is a discrete body of keys, subkeys, and values that is rooted at the top of the registry hierarchy. A hive is backed by a single file and a .log file which are in the %SystemRoot%\system32\config or the %SystemRoot%\profiles\username folders. By default, most hive files (Default, SAM, Security, and System) are stored in the %SystemRoot%\system32\config folder. The %SystemRoot%\ profiles folder contains the user profile for each user of the computer. Because a hive is a file, it can be moved from one system to another, but can only be edited using Registry Editor.


home directory

A directory that is accessible to the user and contains files and programs for that user. A home directory can be assigned to an individual user or can be shared by many users.


host

Any device that is attached to the network and uses TCP/IP.


host name

The name of a device on an network. For a device on a Windows or Windows NT network, this can be the same as the computername, but it may not be. The host name must be in the host table or be known by a DNS server for that host to be found by another computer attempting to communicate with it.


host ID

The portion of the IP address that identifies a computer within a particular network ID.


host table

The HOSTS and LMHOSTS files, which contain mappings of known IP addresses mapped to host names.


HOSTS file

A local text file in the same format as the 4.3 Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) UNIX \etc\hosts file. This file maps host names to IP addresses. In Windows NT, this file is stored in the \systemroot\System32\Drivers\Etc directory.


hue

The position of a color along the color spectrum. For example, green is between yellow and blue. This  attribute can be set using desktop in Control Panel.


ICMP

See internet control message protocol.


icon

A graphical representation of an element in Windows NT, such as a disk drive, directory, group, application, or document. You can enlarge an application icon to a window when you want to use the application by clicking on the icon. Within applications, there are also toolbar icons for commands such as cut, copy, paste etc.


IETF

See Internet Engineering Task Force.


import

To create a package by inserting an existing file into Object Packager. When you import a file, the icon of the application you used to create the file appears in the Appearance window, and the name of the file appears in the Contents window.


import computers

In directory replication, the servers or workstations that receive copies of the master set of directories from an export server. See also directory replication.


import path

In directory replication, the path to which imported subdirectories, and the files in those subdirectories, will be stored on an import computer. See also directory replication.


input/output activity (I/O)

Read or write actions that your computer performs. Your computer performs a "read" when you type information on your keyboard or you select and choose items by using your mouse. Also, when you open a file, your computer reads the disk on which the file is located to find and open it.

Your computer performs a "write" whenever it stores, sends, prints, or displays information. For example, your computer performs a write when it stores information on a disk, displays information on your screen, or sends information through a modem or to a printer.


insertion point

The place where text will be inserted when you type. The insertion point usually appears as a flashing vertical bar in an application's window or in a dialog box.


internal command

Commands that are stored in the file CMD.EXE and that reside in memory at all times.


internet control message protocol (ICMP)

A maintenance protocol in the TCP/IP suite, required in every TCP/IP implementation, that allows two nodes on an IP network to share IP status and error information. ICMP is used by the ping utility to determine the readability of a remote system. See also ping.


Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

A consortium that introduces procedures for new technology on the Internet. IETF specifications are released in documents called Requests for Comments (RFCs). See also RFC.


internet group name

A name known by a DNS server that includes a list of the specific addresses of systems that have registered the name. See also DNS.


Internet Protocol (IP)

The messenger protocol of TCP/IP, responsible for addressing and sending TCP packets over the network. IP provides a best-effort, connectionless delivery system that does not guarantee that packets arrive at their destination or that they are received in the sequence in which they were sent. See also packet; TCP.


interrupt request lines (IRQ)

Hardware lines over which devices can send signals to get the attention of the processor when the device is ready to accept or send information. Typically, each device connected to the computer uses a separate IRQ.


I/O addresses

Locations within the input/output address space of your computer, used by a device such as a printer or modem.


IP

See Internet Protocol.


IP address

Used to identify a node on a network and to specify routing information. Each node on the network must be assigned a unique IP address, which is made up of the network ID, plus a unique host ID assigned by the network administrator. This address is typically represented in dotted-decimal notation, with the decimal value of each octet separated by a period (for example, 138.57.7.27).

In Windows NT, the IP address can be configured statically on the client or configured dynamically through DHCP. See also DHCP; node; octet.


IP router

A system connected to multiple physical TCP/IP networks that can route or deliver IP packets between the networks. See also routing..


IPX/SPX

Transport protocols used in Novell NetWare networks. Windows NT implements IPX through NWLink.


jump

Text, graphics, or parts of graphics that provide links to other Help topics or to more information about the current topic. The pointer changes shape whenever it is over a jump. If you click a jump that is linked to another topic, that topic appears in the Help window. If you click a jump that is linked to more information, the information appears in a pop-up window on top of the main Help window.


kernel driver

A driver that accesses hardware.


key

A folder that appears in the left pane of a Registry Editor window. A key can contain subkeys and value entries. For example: Environment is a key of KKEY_CURRENT_USER. See also subkey.


keyboard buffer

A temporary storage area in memory that keeps track of keys you typed, even if the computer did not immediately respond to the keys when you typed them.


key map

A mapping assignment that translates key values on synthesizers that do not conform to General MIDI standards. Key maps ensure that the appropriate percussion instrument is played or the appropriate octave for a melodic instrument is played when a MIDI file is played.


linked object

A representation or placeholder for an object that is inserted into a destination document. The object still exists in the source file and, when it is changed, the linked object is updated to reflect these changes.


list box

In a dialog box, a type of box that lists available choices—for example, a list of all files in a directory. If all the choices do not fit in the list box, there is a scroll bar.


LMHOSTS file

A local text file that maps IP addresses to the computer names of Windows NT networking computers outside the local subnet. In Windows NT, this file is stored in the \systemroot \System32\Drivers\Etc directory. See also subnet.


local account

For Windows NT Server, a user account provided in a domain for a user whose global account is not in a trusted domain. Not required where trust relationships exist between domains. See also global account; user account.


local group

For Windows NT Workstation, a group that can be granted permissions and rights only for its own workstation. However, it can contain user accounts from its own computer and (if the workstation participates in a domain) user accounts and global groups both from its own domain and from trusted domains.

For Windows NT Server, a group that can be granted permissions and rights only for the domain controllers of its own domain. However, it can contain user accounts and global groups both from its own domain and from trusted domains.

Local groups provide a way to create handy sets of users from both inside and outside the domain, to be used only at domain controllers of the domain. See also global group; group.


local printer

A printer that is directly connected to one of the ports on your computer.


logical drive

A  subpartition of an extended partition on a hard disk.


Logical Unit (LU)

A preset unit containing all the configuration information needed for a user or a program to establish a session with a host or peer computer.  See also host; peer.


logon hours

For Windows NT Server, a definition of the days and hours during which a user account can connect to a server. When a user is connected to a server and the logon hours are exceeded, the user will either be disconnected from all server connections or will be allowed to remain connected but denied any new connections.


logon script

Files that can be assigned to user accounts. Typically a batch file, a logon script runs automatically every time the user logs on. It can be used to configure a user’s working environment at every logon, and it allows an administrator to affect a user’s environment without managing all aspects of it. A logon script can be assigned to one or more user accounts. See also batch file.


logon script path

When a user logs on, the computer authenticating the logon locates the specified logon script (if one has been assigned to that user account) by following that computer's local logon script path (usually C:\Winnt\System32\Repl\Imports\Scripts). See also logon script.


logon workstations

In Windows NT Server, the computers from which a user is allowed to log on.


luminosity

The brightness of a color on a scale from black to white on your monitor.


MAC address

A unique 48-bit number assigned to the network interface card (NIC) by the manufacturer. MAC addresses (which are physical addresses) are used for mapping in TCP/IP network communication. See also media access control (MAC); ARP; ARP request packet.


management information base (MIB)

A set of objects that represent various types of information about a device, used by SNMP to manage devices. Because different network-management services are used for different types of devices or protocols, each service has its own set of objects. The entire set of objects that any service or protocol uses is referred to as its MIB. See also SNMP.


mandatory user profile

A profile that is downloaded to the user’s desktop each time he or she logs on. A mandatory user profile is created by an administrator and assigned to one or more users to create consistent or job-specific user profiles. They cannot be changed by the user and remain the same from one logon session to the next. See also user profile; roaming user profile.


maximum password age

The period of time a password can be used before the system requires the user to change it. See also account policy.


maximize

To enlarge a window to its maximum size by using the Maximize button (at the right of the title bar) or the Maximize command on the window menu.


Maximize button

The small button containing a window icon at the right of the title bar. Mouse users can click the Maximize button to enlarge a window to its maximum size. Keyboard users can use the Maximize command on the window menu.


Media Control Interface (MCI)

A standard control interface for multimedia devices and files. Using MCI, a multimedia application can control a variety of multimedia devices and files.


memory

A temporary storage area for information and applications.  See also expanded memory; extended memory.


menu

 A list of available commands in an application window. Menu names appear in the menu bar near the top of the window. The window menu, represented by the program icon at the left end of the title bar, is common to all Windows NT applications. You open a menu by clicking the menu name.


menu bar

The horizontal bar containing the names of all the application's menus. It appears below the title bar.


Messenger service

Sends and receives messages sent by administrators or by the Alerter service. See also Alerter service.


MIB

See management information base.


MIDI

Acronym for Musical Instrument Digital Interface, an interface that enables several devices, instruments, or computers to send and receive messages for the purpose of creating music, sound, or lighting.


MIDI setup

Specifies the type of MIDI device you are using, the channel and patch settings needed to play MIDI files, and the port your device is using. See also MIDI.


minimize

To reduce a window to a button on the taskbar by using the Minimize button (at the right of the title bar) or the Minimize command on the Control menu. See also maximize.


Minimize button

The small button containing a short line at the right of the title bar. Mouse users can click the Minimize button to reduce a window to a button on the taskbar. Keyboard users can use the Minimize command on the Control menu.


minimum password age

The period of time a password must be used before the user can change it. See also account policy.


minimum password length

The fewest characters a password can contain. See also account policy.


m-node

A NetBIOS implementation that uses the b-node protocol first, then the p-node protocol if the broadcast fails to resolve a name to an IP address.


MS-DOS-based application

An application that is designed to run with MS-DOS, and therefore may not be able to take full advantage of all Windows NT features.


multihomed system

A system with multiple network adapters attached to separate physical networks.


named pipe

An interprocess communication mechanism that allows one process to communicate with another local or remote process.


NetBIOS

See network basic input/output system.


Net Logon service

For Windows NT Server, performs authentication of domain logons, and keeps the domain’s directory database synchronized between the primary domain controller and the other backup domain controllers of the domain.


network basic input/output system (NetBIOS)

An application program interface (API) that can be used by application programs on a local area network. NetBIOS provides application programs with a uniform set of commands for requesting the lower-level services required to conduct sessions between nodes on a network and to transmit information back and forth. See also API.


Network DDE service

The Network DDE (dynamic data exchange) service provides a network transport and security for DDE conversations. See also DDE.


Network DDE DSDM service

The Network DDE DSDM (DDE share database manager) service manages shared DDE conversations. It is used by the Network DDE service. See also DDE.


network device driver

Software that coordinates communication between the network adapter card and the computer’s hardware and other software, controlling the physical function of the network cards.


network device interface specification (NDIS)

In Windows NT networking, the interface for network adapter drivers. All transport drivers call the NDIS interface to access network cards.


network directory

See shared directory.


Network File System (NFS)

A service for distributed computing systems that provides a distributed file system, eliminating the need for keeping multiple copies of files on separate computers.


network ID

The portion of the IP address that identifies a group of computers and devices located on the same logical network.


Network Information Service (NIS)

A service for distrbuted computing systems that provides a distributed database system for common configuration files.


NIS

See Network Information Service.


NFS

See Network File System.


non-Windows NT application

Refers to an application that is designed to run with Windows 3.x, MS-DOS, OS/2, or POSIX, but not specifically with Windows NT and that may not be able to take full advantage of all Windows NT features (such as memory management).


NT

See Windows NT Workstation and Windows NT Server.


NT file system

See NTFS.


NTFS

An advanced file system designed for use specifically within the Windows NT operating system. It supports file system recovery, extremely large storage media, long filenames, and various features for the POSIX subsystem. It also supports object-oriented applications by treating all files as objects with user-defined and system-defined attributes.


object

Any piece of information, created by using a Windows-based application, that can be linked or embedded into another document.


object linking and embedding

A way to transfer and share information between applications.


open

To display the contents of a directory, a document, or a data file in a window.


orphan

A member of a mirror set or a stripe set with parity that has failed in a severe manner, such as a loss of power or a complete head crash. When this happens, the fault-tolerance driver determines that it can no longer use the orphaned member and directs all new reads and writes to the remaining members of the fault-tolerance volume. See also fault tolerance; orphaned member.


orphaned member

See orphan.


package

An icon that represents an embedded or linked object. When you choose the package, the application used to create the object either plays the object (for example, a sound file) or opens and displays the object.


packet

A transmission unit of fixed maximum size that consists of binary information representing both data and a header containing an ID number, source and destination addresses, and error-control data.


partition

A partition is a portion of a physical disk that functions as though it were a physically separate unit.  See also extended partition; system partition.


parity

Redundant information that is associated with a block of information. In Windows NT Server, stripe sets with parity means that there is one additional parity stripe per row. Therefore, you must use at least three, rather than two, disks to allow for this extra parity information. Parity stripes contain the XOR (the Boolean operation called exclusive OR) of the data in that stripe. Windows NT Server, when regenerating a failed disk, uses the parity information in those stripes in conjunction with the data on the good disks to recreate the data on the failed disk. See also fault tolerance; stripe sets; stripe sets with parity.


password

A security measure used to restrict logons to user accounts and access to computer systems and resources. A password is a unique string of characters that must be provided before a logon or an access is authorized. For Windows NT, a password for a user account can be up to 14 characters, and is case-sensitive.

With Services for Macintosh, each Macintosh user has a user password that he or she must type when accessing the Windows NT Server. You can also assign each Macintosh-accessible volume a volume password if you want, which all users must type to access the volume. See also account policy.


There are four user-defined parameters to be entered in the Account Policy dialog box in User Manager or User Manager for Domains.

maximum password age

minimum password age

minimum password length

password uniqueness


password uniqueness

The number of new passwords that must be used by a user account before an old password can be reused. See also account policy.


patch map

The part of a channel-map entry that translates instrument sounds, volume settings, and (optionally) key values for a channel.


path

A sequence of directory (or folder) names that specifies the location of a directory, file, or folder within the directory tree. Each directory name and filename within the path (except the first) must be preceded by a backslash (\). For example, to specify the path of a file named Readme.Wri located in the Windows directory on drive C, you would type c:\winnt4.0\readme.wri.


pel

Also known as a pixel.  The smallest graphic unit that can be displayed on the screen. Pel is the abbreviation for picture element.


personal groups

In the Start menu on the programs list, a program group you have created that contains program items. Personal groups are stored with your logon information and each time you log on, your personal groups appear. See also groups.


Physical Unit (PU)

A network-addressable unit that provides the services needed to use and manage a particular device, such as a communications link device.  A PU is implemented with a combination of hardware, software, and microcode.


plotter font

A font created by a series of dots connected by lines. Plotter fonts can be scaled to any size and are most often printed on plotters. Some dot-matrix printers also support plotter fonts. See also font; font types.


p-node

A NetBIOS implementation that uses point-to-point communications with a name server to resolve names as IP addresses


Point to Point protocol (PPP)

A set of  industry-standard framing and authentication protocols that is part of Windows NT RAS to ensure interoperability with third-party remote access software. PPP negotiates configuration parameters for multiple layers of the OSI model. See also OSI.


pointer

The arrow-shaped cursor on the screen that follows the movement of a mouse (or other pointing device) and indicates which area of the screen will be affected when you press the mouse button. The pointer changes shape during certain tasks.


port

A location used to pass data in and out of a computing device. This can refer to 1) an adapter card connecting a server to a network; 2) a serial 232 port; 3) a TCP/IP port; 4) a printer port.


port ID

The method TCP and UDP use to specify which application running on the system is sending or receiving the data.


PPP

See Point to Point protocol.


predefined key

The key represented by a registry window, the name of which appears in the window's title bar.


Primary Domain Controller (PDC)

In a Windows NT Server domain, the computer running Windows NT Server that authenticates domain logons and maintains the directory database for a domain. The PDC tracks changes made to accounts of all computers on a domain. It is the only computer to receive these changes directly. A domain has only one PDC.


primary partition

A partition is a portion of a physical disk that can be marked for use by an operating system.  There can be up to four primary partitions (or up to three, if there is an extended partition) per physical disk.  A primary partition cannot be subpartitioned. See also partition; extended partition.


print sharing

The ability for a computer running Windows NT Workstation or Windows NT Server to share a printer on the network. This is done by using Printers folder or the net share command.


printer driver

A program that converts graphics commands into a specific printer language, such as PostScript or PCL. See also font types.


printer fonts

Fonts that are built into your printer. These fonts are usually located in the printer's read-only memory (ROM). See also font; font types.


printer window

Shows information for one of the printers that you have installed or to which you are connected. For each printer, you can see what documents are waiting to be printed, who owns them, how large they are, and other information.


program file

A file that starts an application or program. A program file has an .exe, .pif, .com, or .bat filename extension.


program group

On the start menu, a collection of applications. Grouping your applications makes them easier to find when you want to start them. See also common group and personal group.


program icon

Located at the left of the window title bar, the program icon represents the program being run. Clicking the program icon opens the window menu.


PIF

Acronym for program information file. A PIF provides information to Windows NT about how best to run MS-DOS applications. When you start an MS-DOS application, Windows NT looks for a PIF to use with the application. PIFs contain such items as the name of the file, a start-up directory, and multitasking options.


program item

An application or document represented as an icon in the Start menu or on the desktop.


program-item icon

An application, accessory, or document represented as an icon in the Start menu or on the desktop.


protocol

A set of rules and conventions for sending information over a network. These rules govern the content, format, timing, sequencing, and error control of messages exchanged among network devices.


proxy

A computer that listens to name query broadcasts and responds for those names not on the local subnet. The proxy communicates with the name server to resolve names and then caches them for a time period.


pull partner

A WINS server that pulls in replicas from its push partner by requesting it and then accepting the pushed replicas.


push partner

A WINS server that sends replicas to its pull partner upon receiving a request from it.


quick format

Deletes the file allocation table (FAT) and root directory of a disk but does not scan the disk for bad areas. This function is available in Disk Administrator or when checking disks for errors.


RAM

An acronym for random-access memory. RAM can be read from or written to by the computer or other devices. Information stored in RAM is lost when you turn off the computer. See also memory.


RAS

See Remote Access Service


reduce

To minimize a window to an icon by using the Minimize button or the Minimize command. A minimized application continues running, and you can click the icon on the toolbar to make it the active application.


refresh

To update displayed information with current data.


registry

The Windows NT registry is a database repository for information about a computer’s configuration. It is organized in a hierarchical structure, and is comprised of subtrees and their keys, hives, and value entries.


Remote Access Service (RAS)

A service that provides remote networking for telecommuters, mobile workers, and system administrators who monitor and manage servers at multiple branch offices. Users with RAS on a Windows NT computer can dial in to remotely access their networks for services such as file and printer sharing, electronic mail, scheduling, and SQL database access.


remote administration

Administration of one computer by an administrator located at another computer and connected to the first computer across the network.


remote procedure call (RPC)

A message-passing facility that allows a distributed application to call services available on various machines in a network. Used during remote administration of computers.


Remote Procedure Call service

See RPC service.


replication

See directory replication.


Requests for Comments (RFCs)

The official documents of the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) that specify the details for protocols included in the TCP/IP family. See also IETF.


resolvers

DNS clients that query DNS servers for name resolution on networks.


resource

Any part of a computer system or a network, such as a disk drive, printer, or memory, that can be allotted to a program or a process while it is running, or shared over a local area network.


RFC

See Requests for Comments.


right

See user right; permissions.


RIP

See routing information protocol.


root directory

See directory tree.


RPC

See remote procedure call.


RPC service

The Remote Procedure Call service is the RPC subsystem for Microsoft Windows NT. The RPC subsystem includes the endpoint mapper and other miscellaneous RPC services.


RPC Locator service

The Remote Procedure Call Locator service allows distributed applications to use the RPC Name service. The RPC Locator service manages the RPC Name service database.

The server side of a distributed application registers its availability with the RPC Locator service. The client side of a distributed application queries the RPC Locator service to find available compatible server applications.


routing

The process of forwarding packets to other routers until the packet is eventually delivered to a router connected to the specified destination.


routing information protocol (RIP)

Enables a router to exchange routing information with a neighboring router. See also routing.


SAM

Acronym for Security Accounts Manager. See directory database.


saturation

The purity of a color's hue, moving from gray to the pure color.


scavenging

Cleaning up the WINS database.


Schedule service

Supports and is required for use of the at command. The at command can schedule commands and programs to run on a computer at a specified time and date.


screen buffer

The size reserved in memory for the command prompt display.


screen elements

The parts that make up a window or dialog box, such as the title bar, the Minimize and Maximize buttons, the window borders, and the scroll bars.


screen fonts

Fonts displayed on your screen. Soft-font manufacturers often provide screen fonts that closely match the soft fonts for your printer. This ensures that your documents look the same on the screen as they do when printed. See also font; font types.


screen saver

A moving picture or pattern that appears on your screen when you have not used the mouse or the keyboard for a specified period of time. Use the Display option in Control Panel or right click on the desktop for properties to select a screen saver.


scroll

To move through text or graphics (up, down, left, or right) in order to see parts of the file that cannot fit on the screen.


scroll arrow

An arrow on either end of a scroll bar that you use to scroll through the contents of the window or list box. Click the scroll arrow to scroll one screen at a time, or continue pressing the mouse button while pointing at the scroll arrow to scroll continuously.


scroll bar

A bar that appears at the right and/or bottom edge of a window or list box whose contents are not completely visible. Each scroll bar contains two scroll arrows and a scroll box, which enable you to scroll through the contents of the window or list box.


scroll box

In a scroll bar, a small box that shows the position of information currently visible in the window or list box relative to the contents of the entire window.


scroll buffer

The area in memory that holds information that does not fit on the screen. You can use the scroll bars to scroll through the information.


Search button

See Find tab.


security accounts manager

See Windows NT Server Directory Services.


security database

See directory database.


security ID

A unique name that identifies a logged-on user to the security system. Security IDs (SIDs) can identify one user, or a group of users.


security identifier

See security ID.


security log

Records security events. This helps track changes to the security system and identify any possible breaches of security. For example, depending on the Audit settings in User Manager or User Manager for Domains, attempts to log on the local computer may be recorded in the security log. The security log contains both valid and invalid logon attempts as well as events related to resource use (such as creating, opening, or deleting files.) See also event.


security policies

For Windows NT Workstation, the security policies consist of the Account, User Rights, and Audit policies, and are managed using User Manager.

For a Windows NT Server domain, the security policies consist of the Account, User Rights, Audit, and Trust Relationships policies, and are managed using User Manager for Domains.


select

To mark an item so that a subsequent action can be carried out on that item. You usually select an item by clicking it with a mouse or pressing a key. After selecting an item, you choose the action that you want to affect the item.


selection cursor

The marking device that shows where you are in a window, menu, or dialog box and what you have selected. The selection cursor can appear as a highlight or as a dotted rectangle around text.


sequence number

The identifier with which TCP marks packets before sending them. The sequence numbers allow the receiving system to properly order the packets on the receiving system.


Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)

An older industry standard that is part of Windows NT RAS to ensure interoperabability with third-party remote access software.


server

In general, refers to a computer that provides shared resources to network users. See also member server.


server application

A Windows NT application that can create objects for linking or embedding into other documents. For distributed applications, the application that responds to a client application. See also client application, DCOM, DCOM Configuration tool.


Server Manager

In Windows NT Server, an application used to view and administer domains, workgroups, and computers.


Server service

Provides RPC (remote procedure call) support, and file, print, and named pipe sharing. See also RPC.


service

A process that performs a specific system function and often provides an application programming interface (API) for other processes to call. Windows NT services are RPC-enabled, meaning that their API routines can be called from remote computers.


share name

The name of a shared resource.


shared directory

A directory that network users can connect to.


shared network directory

See shared directory.


shared resource

Any device, data, or program that is used by more than one other device or program. For Windows NT, shared resources refer to any resource that is made available to network users, such as directories, files, printers, and named pipes. Also refers to a resource on a server that is available to network users.


share

To make resources, such as directories and printers, available to others.


shortcut key

A key or key combination, available for some commands, that you can press to carry out a command without first selecting a menu. Shortcut keys are listed to the right of commands on a menu.


SID

See security ID.


simple device

A device that you use without specifying a related media file. An audio compact-disc player is a simple device.


Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

A protocol used by SNMP consoles and agents to communicate. In Windows NT, the SNMP service is used to get and set status information about a host on a TCP/IP network.


SLIP

 See Serial Line Internet Protocol.


SNMP

See Simple Network Management Protocol


socket

A bidirectional pipe for incoming and outgoing data between networked computers. The Windows Sockets API is a networking API used by programmers creating TCP/IP-based sockets applications.


source directory

The directory that contains the file or files you intend to copy or move.


source document

The document where a linked or embedded object was originally created.


split bar

Divides Windows NT Explorer into two parts: The directory tree is displayed on the left, and the contents of the current directory are on the right.


static object

Information that has been pasted into a document. Unlike embedded or linked objects, static objects cannot be changed from within the document. The only way you can change a static object is to delete it from the document, change it in the application used to create it, and paste it into the document again.


status bar

A line of information related to the application in the window. Usually located at the bottom of a window. Not all windows have a status bar.


string

A data structure composed of a sequence of characters, usually representing human-readable text.


subdirectory

A directory within a directory. Also called a folder within a folder.


subnet

A portion of a network, which may be a physically independent network segment, which shares a network address with other portions of the network and is distinguished by a subnet number. A subnet is to a network what a network is to an internet.


subnet mask

A 32-bit value that allows the recipient of IP packets to distinguish the network ID portion of the IP address from the host ID.


swap file

See paging file.


synchronize

To replicate the domain database from the primary domain controller (PDC) to one backup domain controller (BDC) of the domain, or to all the BDCs of a domain. This is usually performed automatically by the system, but can also be invoked manually by an administrator.


syntax

The order in which you must type a command and the elements that follow the command. Windows NT commands have up to four elements:  command name, parameters, switches, and values.


system default profile

In Windows NT Server, the user profile that is loaded when Windows NT is running and no user is logged on. When the Begin Logon dialog box is visible, the system default profile is loaded. See also user default profile, user profile.


system partition

The volume that has the hardware-specific files needed to load Windows NT. See also partition.


system disk

A disk that contains the MS-DOS system files necessary to start MS-DOS.


Task list

A window that shows all running applications and their status. View the Task list in the Applications tab in Task Manager.


TCP

See transmission control protocol.


TCP/IP

See Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.


TDI

See Transport Driver Interface.


text box

In a dialog box, a box in which you type information needed to carry out a command. The text box may be blank or may contain text when the dialog box opens.


text file

A file containing only letters, numbers, and symbols. A text file contains no formatting information, except possibly for linefeeds and carriage returns. A text file is an ASCII file.


text-file transfer

A method for transferring files from HyperTerminal to a remote computer. With this method, files are transferred as ASCII files with minimal formatting characters, such as linefeeds and carriage returns. All font-formatting information is removed.


text-only

An ASCII file that contains no formatting.


timeout

If a device is not performing a task, the amount of time the computer should wait before detecting it as an error.


time slice

The amount of processor time allocated to an application, usually measured in milliseconds.


title bar

The horizontal bar (at the top of a window) that contains the title of the window or dialog box. On many windows, the title bar also contains the program icon and the Maximize, Minimize, and Close buttons.


toolbar

A series of shortcut buttons providing quick access to commands. Usually located directly below the menu bar. Not all windows have a toolbar.


topic

Information in the Help window.  A Help topic usually begins with a title and contains information about a particular task, command, or dialog box.


Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

A connection-based Internet protocol responsible for breaking data into packets, which the IP protocol sends over the network. This protocol provides a reliable, sequenced communication stream for network communication.


Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

A set of networking protocols that provide communications across interconnected networks made up of computers with diverse hardware architectures and various operating systems. TCP/IP includes standards for how computers communicate and conventions for connecting networks and routing traffic.


transport driver interface (TDI)

In Windows NT networking, the common interface for network components that communicate at the Session layer.


trap

In SNMP, a discrete block of data that indicates that the request failed authentication. The SNMP service can send a trap when it receives a request for information that does not contain the correct community name and that does not match an accepted hostname for the service. Trap destinations are the names or IP addresses of hosts to which the SNMP service is to send traps with community names. See also SNMP.


TrueType fonts

Fonts that are scalable and sometimes generated as bitmaps or soft fonts, depending on the capabilities of your printer. TrueType fonts can be sized to any height, and they print exactly as they appear on the screen.


trust

See trust relationship.


trust relationship

Trust relationships are links between domains that enable pass-through authentication, in which a trusting domain honors the logon authentications of a trusted domain. With trust relationships, a user who has only one user account in one domain can potentially access the entire network. User accounts and global groups defined in a trusted domain can be given rights and resource permissions in a trusting domain, even though those accounts don’t exist in the trusting domain’s directory database.


Type 1 fonts

Scalable fonts designed to work with PostScript devices. See also font; font types.


uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

See UPS.


UPS

A battery-operated power supply connected to a computer to keep the system running during a power failure.


UPS service

Manages an uninterruptible power supply connected to a computer. See also UPS.


user account

Consists of all the information that defines a user to Windows NT. This includes such things as the user name and password required for the user to log on, the groups in which the user account has membership, and the rights and permissions the user has for using the system and accessing its resources. For Windows NT Workstation, user accounts are managed with User Manager. For Windows NT Server, user accounts are managed with User Manager for Domains. See also group.


user account database

See directory database.


user default profile

In Windows NT Server, the user profile that is loaded by a server when a user’s assigned profile cannot be accessed for any reason, when a user without an assigned profile logs on to the computer for the first time, or when a user logs on to the Guest account. See also system default profile; user profile.


User Manager

A Windows NT Workstation tool used to manage the security for a workstation. Administers user accounts, groups, and security policies.


User Manager for Domains

A Windows NT Server tool used to manage security for a domain or an individual computer. Administers user accounts, groups, and security policies.


user name

A unique name identifying a user account to Windows NT. An account’s user name cannot be identical to any other group name or user name of its own domain or workgroup. See also user account.


user profile

Configuration information can be retained on a user-by-user basis, and is saved in user profiles. This information includes all the per-user settings of the Windows NT environment, such as the desktop arrangement, personal program groups and the program items in those groups, screen colors, screen savers, network connections, printer connections, mouse settings, window size and position, and more. When a user logs on, the user’s profile is loaded and the user’s Windows NT environment is configured according to that profile.


value entry

The string of data that appears in the right pane of a registry window and which defines the value of the currently selected key. A value entry has three parts: name, datatype, and the value itself.


virtual memory

The space on your hard disk that Windows NT uses as if it were actually memory. Windows NT does this through the use of paging files. The benefit of using virtual memory is that you can run more applications at one time than your system's physical memory would otherwise allow. The drawbacks are the disk space required for the virtual-memory paging file and the decreased execution speed when paging is required.


user rights policy

Manages the assignment of rights to groups and user accounts.


virtual printer memory

In a PostScript printer, a part of memory that stores font information. The memory in PostScript printers is divided into two areas: banded memory and virtual memory. The banded memory contains graphics and page-layout information needed to print your documents. The virtual memory contains any font information that is sent to your printer either when you print a document or when you download fonts. See also font types.


volume

A partition or collection of partitions that have been formatted for use by a file system. See Macintosh-accessible volume.


wallpaper

A picture or drawing stored as a bitmap file (a file that has a .bmp extension). Bitmaps can be simple drawings or elaborate scanned photographs.


warning beep

The sound that your computer makes when you encounter an error or try to perform a task that Windows NT does not recognize.


wildcard

A character that represents one or more characters. The question mark (?) wildcard can be used to represent any single character, and the asterisk (*) wildcard can be used to represent any character or group of characters that might match that position in other filenames.


window

A rectangular area on your screen in which you view an application or document. You can open, close, and move windows, and change the size of most windows. You can open several windows at a time, and you can often reduce a window to an icon or enlarge it to fill the entire desktop.


window menu

A menu that contains commands you can use to manipulate a window. You click the program icon or document icon at the left of the title bar to open the window menu.


Windows Internet Name Service (WINS)

A name resolution service that resolve Windows NT networking computer names to IP addresses in a routed environment. A WINS server handles name registrations, queries, and releases. See also IP address.


Windows NT Workstation

The portable, secure, 32-bit, preemptive multitasking member of the Microsoft Windows operating system family.


Windows NT Server

A superset of Windows NT Workstation, Windows NT Server provides centralized management and security, fault tolerance, and additional connectivity. See also Windows NT Workstation.


Windows NT application

"Windows NT application" is used as a shorthand term to refer to an application that is designed to run with Windows NT and does not run without Windows NT. All Windows NT applications follow similar conventions for arrangement of menus, style of dialog boxes, and keyboard and mouse use.


WINS

See Windows Internet Name Service.


workgroup

For Windows NT, a workgroup is a collection of computers that are grouped for viewing purposes. Each workgroup is identified by a unique name. See also domain.


workstation

Any networked Macintosh or PC using server resources. See also member server; primary domain controller; backup domain controller.


Workstation service

Provides network connections and communications.


wrap

To continue to the next line rather than stopping when the cursor reaches the end of the current line.


Kermit

Protocol for transferring binary files that is somewhat slower than XModem/CRC. However, Kermit allows you to transmit and receive either seven or eight data bits per character.


XModem/CRC

Protocol for transmitting binary files that uses a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) to detect any transmission errors. Both computers must be set to transmit and receive eight data bits per character.


Windows NT Glossary
A

 access permission

 access privileges

 account

 account lockout

 account policy

 ACK

 active

 adapter card

 address

 address classes

 address pairs

 address resolution protocol (ARP)

 administrative account

 administrative alerts

 administrator

 agent

 Alerter service

 API

 AppleShare

 AppleTalk

 AppleTalk Filing Protocol

 AppleTalk Phase 2

 AppleTalk Protocol

 AppleTalk Transport

 application

 application log

 application window

 ARC

 archive bit

 ARP

 ARP reply packet

 ARP request packet

 ASCII file

 AS/400

 associate

 attributes

 audit policy

 auditing

 authentication

B

 Backup Domain Controller

 backup set

 backup set catalog

 backup set map

 backup types

 bandwidth

 batch program

 batch queue facility

 BDC

 binary

 binary-file transfer

 binding

 bookmarks

 boot loader

 boot partition

 BOOTP

 bootstrap protocol (BOOTP)

 bps

 branch

 bridge

 broadcast datagrams

 broadcast message

 Broadcast name resolution

 brouter

 browse

 browse list

 browse master

 buffer

 built-in groups

C

 cache

 caching

 capture

 capture buffer

 capture filter

 capture password

 capture trigger

 catalog

 CBCP

 CCP

 centralized network administration

 change log

 CHAP

 check box

 checksum

 choose

 Chooser

 Chooser Pack

 clear

 cleartext passwords

 click

 client

 client application

 Client Service for NetWare

 Clipboard

 close

 collapse

 color scheme

 command

 command button

 common groups

 communications settings

 community names

 compact

 compound device

 computer account

 Computer Browser service

 computer name

 configure

 connect

 connected user

 connection

 control codes

 Control menu

 controller

 conventional memory

 current directory

D

 DACL

 daemon

 data carrier

 data fork

 data stream

 database query

 datagram

 DCD

 DCE

 DCOM

 DCOM Configuration tool

 DDE

 decision tree

 default button

 default gateway

 default network

 default owner

 default printer

 default profile

 default user

 default zone

 dependent service

 DES

 descendent key

 desired zone

 desktop

 desktop pattern

 destination directory

 destination document

 device

 device contention

 device driver

 DHCP

 DHCP Relay Agent

 dialog box

 dial-up line

 dial-up networking

 directory

 directory database

 directory replication

 Directory Replicator service

 directory services

 directory tree

 disabled user account

 discovery

 discretionary access control

 disjoint networks

 disk configuration information

 display filter

 display password

 distributed server system

 DLL

 DNS

 DNS name servers

 document

 document file

 document icon

 document-file icon

 domain

 domain controller

 domain database

 domain model

 domain name

 domain name space

 Domain Name System (DNS)

 domain synchronization

 dots per inch (DPI)

 double-click

 downloaded fonts

 DPI

 drag

 drive icon

 driver

 drop folder

 DSDM

 DSR

 DTE

 dual boot

 DWORD

 dynamic data exchange

 dynamic routing

 dynamic-link library (DLL)

E

 EISA

 embedded object

 EMS

 encapsulated PostScript (EPS) file

 encryption

 enterprise server

 environment variable

 ESDI

 Ethernet

 event

 Event Log service

 event logging

 everyone category

 expand

 expanded memory

 Explorer

 export path

 export server

 Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA)

 extended memory

 extended partition

 extension

 extension-type associations

 external command

F

 family set

 FAT

 fault tolerance

 FCB

 FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

 file

 file allocation table (FAT)

 file creator

 file fork

 file replication service

 File Server for Macintosh

 file sharing

 file system

 file transfer protocol

 file type

 filename

 filename extension

 flat name space

 floppy disk

 flow control

 folder

 font

 font set

 font types

 fork

 FQDN

 frame

 framing rules

 free space

 FTP

 full name

 full synchronization

 full-screen application

 fully qualified domain name (FQDN)

G

 gateway

 Gateway Service for NetWare

 General MIDI

 global account

 global group

 group

 group account

 group category

 group memberships

 group name

 guest

 guest account

 guest privilege

H

 handle

 handshaking

 Hardware Compatibility List (HCL)

 HCL

 heterogeneous environment

 hexadecimal

 high memory area

 hive

 h-node

 home directory

 hop

 host

 host ID

 host name

 host table

 HOSTS file

 HTML

 hue

I

 I/O addresses

 ICMP

 icon

 IDE

 IETF

 IGMP

 IIS

 impersonation

 import

 import computers

 import path

 input/output activity

 insertion point

 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

 interactive logon

 intermediary devices

 internal command

 internet

 internet control message protocol (ICMP)

 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

 internet group names

 Internet Protocol (IP)

 internet router

 internetworks

 interprocess communication (IPC)

 interrupt request lines (IRQ)

 IP

 IP address

 IP datagrams

 IP router

 IPC

 IPCP

 IPX/SPX

 ISDN

 ISO

 ISP

 iteration

J

 jump

K

 Kermit

 kernel driver

 KEY

 key map

 keyboard buffer

L

 LAN

 lease

 license group

 line printer daemon (LPD)

 linked object

 list box

 LMHOSTS file

 local account

 local area network (LAN)

 local group

 local guest logon

 local printer

 local user profiles

 LocalTalk

 lock

 log books

 log files

 log off

 log on

 logical drive

 Logical Unit

 logon hours

 logon script

 logon script path

 logon workstations

 long name

 LPD

 luminosity

M

 MAC

 MAC address

 Mac volume

 MacFile

 MacFile menu

 Macintosh-accessible volume

 Macintosh-style permissions

 MacPrint

 Make Changes

 management information base (MIB)

 mandatory user profile

 mapping

 mapping file

 master browser

 master domain

 maximize

 Maximize button

 maximum password age

 media access control (MAC)

 media access control (MAC) driver

 Media Control Interface (MCI)

 member servers

 memory

 menu

 menu bar

 Messenger service

 MIB

 MIDI

 MIDI setup

 Migration Tool for NetWare

 minimize

 Minimize button

 minimum password age

 minimum password length

 mirror set

 m-node

 MS-DOS [image] based application

 multicast datagrams

 multihomed computer

 multihomed system

 multilink dialing

 multiple-boot

 MultiProtocol Routing (MPR)

N

 name mapping

 name resolution service

 named pipe

 NDIS

 Net Logon service

 NetBEUI

 NetBIOS

 NetBT

 network adapter

 network adapter card

 network administrator

 network basic input/output system (NetBIOS)

 network card driver

 network card

 Network DDE DSDM service

 Network DDE service

 network device driver

 network device interface specification (NDIS)

 network directory

 network driver

 Network Driver Interface Specification

 Network File System (NFS)

 network ID

 Network Information Service (NIS)

 network interface card (NIC)

 network number

 network range

 network sniffer

 NFS

 NIS

 node

 nonpaged memory

 non-Windows NT application

 NT

 NT file system

 NTFS

 NWLink IPX\SPX Compatible Transport

O

 object

 object linking and embedding

 octet

 offset

 one-way trust relationship

 open

 orphan

 orphaned member

 OSI

 owner

 owner category

P

 package

 packet

 packet header

 PADs

 paging file

 PAP

 parity

 partial synchronization

 partition

 pass-through authentication

 password

 password parameters

 password uniqueness

 patch map

 path

 PC

 peer

 pel

 permissions

 personal groups

 Physical Unit

 ping

 plotter font

 p-node

 Point to Point protocol

 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)

 pointer

 pop-up menu

 port

 port ID

 PostScript printer

 POTS

 power conditioning

 PPP

 PPTP

 predefined key

 Primary Domain Controller

 primary group

 primary group category

 primary partition

 print device

 print job

 print processor

 Print Server for Macintosh

 print server

 print sharing

 print spooler

 printer

 printer driver

 printer fonts

 printer permissions

 printer window

 printing pool

 private volume

 privilege level

 process

 program file

 program group

 program information file (PIF)

 program item

 program-item icon

 promiscuous mode

 property

 protocol

 protocol driver

 protocol parser

 protocol properties

 protocol stack

 proxy

 PSTN

 pull partner

 push partner

Q

 queue

 quick format

R

 RAID

 RAM

 RAS

 recursion

 reduce

 reduced instruction set computing

 refresh

 registration

 registry

 registry size limit (RSL)

 Remote Access Service

 remote administration

 remote logon

 remote procedure call

 Remote Procedure Call service

 renew

 repeaters

 replication

 replicators

 Requests for Comments (RFCs)

 resolution

 resolvers

 resource

 resource domain

 resource fork

 response

 RFC

 right

 RIP

 RISC

 roaming user profiles

 root directory

 router

 routing

 routing information protocol (RIP)

 routing table

 RPC

 RPC Locator service

 RPC service

S

 SACL

 SAM

 SAP

 saturation

 scavenging

 Schedule service

 screen buffer

 screen elements

 screen fonts

 screen saver

 scroll

 scroll arrow

 scroll bar

 scroll box

 scroll buffer

 SCSI

 section header

 secure attention sequence

 secure communications channel

 security

 security accounts manager

 security database

 security host

 security ID

 security identifier

 security log

 security policies

 See Files

 See Folders

 seed router

 select

 selection cursor

 sequence number

 Serial Line IP (SLIP)

 server

 server application

 Server Manager

 Server service

 server zone

 service

 Services for Macintosh

 session

 SFM

 share name

 share permissions

 shared directory

 shared network directory

 shared resource

 shares

 short name

 shortcut key

 SID

 silent mode

 simple device

 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

 single user logon

 SLIP

 SMB

 SMS

 SMTP

 SNA

 snapshot

 sniffer

 Sniffer files

 SNMP

 socket

 Sockets

 source directory

 source document

 SPAP

 special access permissions

 split bar

 spooler

 spooling

 stabilize

 stand-alone server

 static object

 static routing

 status bar

 string

 stripe set

 stripe sets with parity

 subdirectory

 subkey

 subnet

 subnet mask

 substitution macros

 subtree

 swap file

 switched circuit

 synchronize

 syntax

 system default profile

 system disk

 system log

 System Network Architecture (SNA)

 system partition

 system policy

 systemroot

T

 tape set

 TAPI

 Task List

 Task Manager

 TCP

 TCP/IP

 TDI

 template accounts

 terminate-and-stay-resident program (TSR)

 text box

 text file

 text-file transfer

 text-only

 thread

 time slice

 timeout

 title bar

 Token Ring

 toolbar

 topic

 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

 transport driver interface (TDI)

 trap

 trigger

 Trojan horse

 TrueType fonts

 trust

 trust relationship

 trust relationships policy

 TSR

 two-way trust relationship

 type

 Type 1 fonts

U

 UAM

 UDP

 unavailable

 UNC name

 unicast datagram

 uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

 UPS

 UPS service

 user account

 user account database

 user authentication module

 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

 user default profile

 User Manager

 User Manager for Domains

 user name

 user password

 User privilege

 user profile

 user rights

 user rights policy

 users

V

 value entry

 Van Jacobsen header compression

 variables

 VDD

 VDM

 verify operation

 virtual memory

 virtual printer memory

 virus

 volume

 volume password

 volume set

 VPN

W

 wallpaper

 WAN

 warning beep

 wide area network (WAN)

 wildcard

 window

 window menu

 Windows Internet Name Service (WINS)

 Windows NT browser system

 Windows NT Registry

 Windows NT Server Directory Services

 Windows NT Server Services for Macintosh

 Windows NT application

 Windows NT Server

 Windows NT Workstation

 WINS

 workgroup

 working set

 workstation

 Workstation service

 WOSA

 WOW

 wrap

X

 XModem/CRC

 X.25

 X.25 smart card

 XModem/CRC

 XOR

Y

No Glossary entries.

Z

 zone

 zone list